Bios 114: Quiz 9

Chapter 14: Skeletal System

Types of Cartilage

• Fibrocartilage

  • Location: Intervertebral discs

• Hyaline Cartilage

  • Location: Ends of bones, ear, and nose

• Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

  • Tendons and Ligaments

    • Tendons connect muscles to bones.

    • Ligaments connect bones to other bones.

Bone Structure

• Compact Bone:

  • Osteons:

    • Structural units of compact bone, also known as Haversian systems.

  • Osteocytes:

    • Bone cells located in the lacunae.

  • Lacunae:

    • Small spaces containing osteocytes.

  • Canaliculi:

    • Tiny channels connecting lacunae, allowing communication between osteocytes.

Parts of Bone

• Diaphysis:

  • Shaft of the bone.

• Cancellous (Spongy) Bone:

  • Lighter, less dense bone found at the ends of bones.

• Cortical Bone:

  • Dense outer surface of bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity.

• Epiphysis:

  • End part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.

Location of Key Features

• Articular Cartilage:

  • Found covering the ends of bones in joints (made of hyaline cartilage).

• Cancellous Bone:

  • Found inside the epiphysis.

• Red Marrow:

  • Found in the cavities within cancellous bone, site of blood cell production.

• Yellow Marrow:

  • Found in the cavity of long bones, primarily fat storage.

• Epiphyseal Disc:

  • Growth plate located between diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones.

Chicken Skeleton Bone Names

• Wishbone:

  • Furcula

• Wing:

  • Wing bones (e.g., humerus, radius, and ulna)

• Thigh:

  • Femur

• Drumstick:

  • Tibia and fibula

Chapter 15: Muscles

Types of Muscle Tissue

• Smooth Muscle

  • Location: Walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels)

  • Characteristics: Involuntary and non-striated.

• Skeletal Muscle

  • Characteristics: Striated and multinucleated, voluntary control.

• Cardiac Muscle

  • Location: Heart

  • Characteristics: Striated, involuntary, and contains intercalated discs.

Muscle Control Types

• Voluntary Muscles:

  • Skeletal muscles that can be consciously controlled.

• Involuntary Muscles:

  • Smooth and cardiac muscles controlled automatically.

Muscle Movement

• Muscle Bandings:

  • Refers to the appearance of striations in skeletal muscles, indicating organized bundles of muscle fibers (p. 215).

• Muscle Functions:

  • Flexors:

    • Muscles that decrease the angle between body parts.

  • Extensors:

    • Muscles that increase the angle between body parts.

  • Abduction:

    • Movement away from the midline of the body.

  • Adduction:

    • Movement toward the midline of the body (p. 210).

Frog Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments

• Triceps Femoris:

  • Major muscle responsible for extending the knee.

• Gracilis Major:

  • Muscle that adducts the thigh.

• Semimembranosus:

  • Part of the hamstring group, responsible for knee flexion.

• Gastrocnemius:

  • Major muscle of the calf, responsible for plantar flexion.

• Achilles Tendon:

  • Connects calf muscles to the heel bone.