Slide 3: Definitions and Concepts

• Organ: A structure made of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform more complex functions than individual tissues. Examples include the heart, lungs, and kidneys.

• Organ System: A group of organs that work together to perform more complex functions than an individual organ. For example, the cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels, working together to circulate blood throughout the body.

Slide 4: Integumentary System - Structure

• Skin is the only organ of the integumentary system but has many appendages (attached structures):

  • Hair: Provides protection from UV radiation, helps regulate body temperature, and enhances sensory perception.

  • Nails: Protect the tips of fingers and toes from mechanical damage and aid in picking up small objects.

  • Microscopic sense receptors: Detect sensory changes such as pressure, touch, temperature, and pain, enabling the body to respond to external stimuli.

  • Sweat glands: Assist in regulating body temperature by releasing sweat through pores, which cools the body when it evaporates. They also help in excreting small amounts of metabolic waste.

  • Oil glands (Sebaceous glands): Produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair, and helps prevent bacterial growth.

Slide 5: Integumentary System - Functions

• Protection: The primary function of the skin is to act as a barrier against mechanical damage, pathogens, chemicals, and UV radiation. The skin also prevents dehydration by reducing water loss.

• Regulation of Body Temperature: Sweat glands help regulate body temperature through the evaporation of sweat, while blood vessels in the skin can constrict or dilate to retain or release heat.

• Synthesis of Chemicals: Skin helps synthesize Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, which is essential for calcium absorption and bone health.

• Sense Organ: Contains receptors for sensations such as pain, temperature, touch, and pressure, allowing the body to interact with the environment.

Slide 6: Skeletal System - Structure

• Bones: There are 206 named bones in the adult human body, which form the supporting framework. Examples include the femur, humerus, and skull.

• Cartilage: Cushions and protects joints where bones meet, reducing friction and absorbing shock during movement. Examples include the cartilage in the knee joint and between vertebrae.

• Ligaments: Tough bands of connective tissue that hold bones together at joints, providing stability. Examples include the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee.

• Joints: The connections between bones that allow for movement and flexibility. Types of joints include ball-and-socket (shoulder), hinge (elbow), and pivot (neck) joints.

Slide 7: Skeletal System - Functions

• Support: Provides structure and shape to the body, enabling upright posture.

• Protection: Protects vital internal organs such as the brain (protected by the skull), heart, and lungs (protected by the ribcage).

• Movement: Works with muscles to facilitate movement by providing attachment points for muscles, which pull on bones to create movement.

• Mineral Storage: Stores essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the bloodstream as needed for various physiological processes.

• Blood Cell Formation (Hematopoiesis): Occurs in the red bone marrow, producing red blood cells (which carry oxygen), white blood cells (which fight infection), and platelets (which aid in blood clotting).

Slide 8: Muscular System - Structure

• Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary muscles responsible for movement of the body. Examples include the biceps, triceps, and quadriceps.

• Smooth Muscles: Involuntary muscles found in the walls of hollow organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels, aiding in processes such as digestion and blood flow.

• Cardiac Muscle: Specialized muscle found only in the wall of the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It has unique properties that allow it to contract continuously without fatigue.

Slide 9: Muscular System - Functions

• Movement: Skeletal muscles pull on bones to produce voluntary movements such as walking, running, and lifting.

• Posture Maintenance: Skeletal muscles help maintain posture by providing continuous, low-level contractions that keep the body upright.

• Heat Production: Muscular activity generates heat as a byproduct, which helps maintain body temperature. This is particularly important during physical activity, where increased muscle contraction leads to increased heat production.

Slide 10: Nervous System - Structure

• Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprised of the brain and spinal cord, processes information, and coordinates responses. The brain acts as the control center, while the spinal cord serves as a major pathway for transmitting signals.

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes cranial nerves (which originate from the brain) and spinal nerves (which originate from the spinal cord) that transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body. The PNS also includes sensory and motor nerves that enable sensation and movement.

• Sense Organs: Eyes (vision), ears (hearing and balance), nose (smell), tongue (taste), and skin (touch) are connected to the nervous system to receive and process stimuli from the environment.

Slide 11: Nervous System - Functions

• Communication: Transmits electrical and chemical signals between different parts of the body, allowing coordination of body functions.

• Integration: Processes sensory input from the environment and integrates information to generate appropriate responses.

• Control: Regulates voluntary actions (such as movement) and involuntary actions (such as heart rate and digestion).

• Recognition of Sensory Stimuli: Allows the body to respond to external and internal environmental changes, enabling survival and adaptation.

Slide 12: Endocrine System - Structure

• Glands: The endocrine system includes several glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream:

  • Pituitary Gland: Known as the "master gland," it controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions.

  • Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles.

  • Hypothalamus: Links the nervous system to the endocrine system and regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst.

  • Thyroid Gland: Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

  • Parathyroid Glands: Regulate calcium levels in the blood.

  • Thymus: Produces T-cells, which are essential for immune function.

  • Adrenal Glands: Produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol that help the body respond to stress and regulate metabolism.

  • Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.

  • Ovaries (female): Produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate reproductive functions.

  • Testes (male): Produce testosterone, which regulates male reproductive functions.

Slide 13: Endocrine System - Functions

• Communication, Integration, and Control: The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, sexual development, and mood.

• Neuroendocrine System: Works in conjunction with the nervous system to regulate body functions over the long term. The hypothalamus plays a key role in this interaction by controlling the pituitary gland.

Slide 14: Cardiovascular System - Structure

• Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles, which work together to ensure efficient circulation.

• Blood Vessels: Include:

  • Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the tissues.

  • Veins: Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

  • Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products occurs between blood and tissues.

Slide 15: Cardiovascular System - Functions

• Transportation: The cardiovascular system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to cells, while carbon dioxide and other waste products are removed.

• Body Temperature Regulation: Blood vessels can dilate or constrict to release or retain heat, helping maintain a stable internal temperature.

• Immunity: Blood contains white blood cells and antibodies that help fight infections and protect the body from disease.

Slide 16: Learning Objectives - Lesson 5.2

• Lymphatic/Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems

• Describe the body as a whole, including homeostasis and organ replacement

Slide 17: Lymphatic System - Structure

• Lymphatic Vessels: Network of vessels that transport lymph, a fluid containing white blood cells, throughout the body.

• Lymph Nodes and Tonsils: Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and trap pathogens. Tonsils help protect against pathogens that enter through the mouth or nose.

• Thymus: A gland located behind the sternum that produces T-cells, which are crucial for adaptive immunity.

• Spleen: The largest lymphatic organ, located in the upper left abdomen. It filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and helps fight infection.

Slide 18: Lymphatic System - Functions

• Transportation of Lymph: Returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream, maintaining fluid balance in the body.

• Immunity: Provides defense against infections by transporting white blood cells and filtering pathogens from lymph fluid.

Slide 19: Immune System - Structure

• Phagocytes: White blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens through the process of phagocytosis. Examples include macrophages and neutrophils.

• Secretory Cells: Produce antibodies (proteins that recognize and neutralize foreign substances) and complements (proteins that enhance immune responses).

Slide 20: Immune System - Functions

• Phagocytosis: Engulfs and digests foreign particles, including bacteria and dead or damaged cells, as part of the body's defense mechanism.

• Chemical Defense: Uses antibodies to identify and neutralize pathogens, while complements help destroy pathogens by disrupting their cell membranes.

Slide 21: Respiratory System - Structure

• Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs: Pathway for air to enter and exit the lungs. The respiratory tract is divided into the upper (nose, pharynx, larynx) and lower (trachea, bronchi, lungs) airways.

• Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries that allow oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled.

Slide 22: Respiratory System - Functions

• Gas Exchange: Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood in the alveoli, while carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled.

• Air Filtration: The respiratory tract filters irritants, such as dust and pathogens, from inspired air through mucus and cilia.

• Acid-Base Balance: Helps maintain the pH of body fluids by regulating the levels of carbon dioxide through respiration.

Slide 23-24: Digestive System - Structure

• Primary Organs: Form the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal. These organs are responsible for the passage and processing of food.

• Accessory Organs: Assist in the digestive process by secreting enzymes and other substances. These include:

  • Teeth: Aid in mechanical digestion by breaking down food into smaller pieces.

  • Salivary Glands: Produce saliva, which contains enzymes that begin the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.

  • Tongue: Helps move food within the mouth and is essential for swallowing.

  • Liver: Produces bile, which helps emulsify fats for digestion.

  • Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

  • Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are released into the small intestine to aid in digestion.

  • Appendix: A small pouch attached to the large intestine that may play a role in immunity.

Slide 25: Digestive System - Functions

• Digestion: Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed. Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth and stomach, while chemical digestion involves enzymes in the stomach and small intestine.

• Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream primarily through the walls of the small intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes.

• Elimination: Removal of indigestible wastes as feces through the process of defecation.

Slide 26: Urinary System - Structure

• Kidneys: Bean-shaped organs that filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, forming urine.

• Ureters: Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

• Urinary Bladder: A hollow, muscular organ that stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.

• Urethra: The tube through which urine is expelled from the body. In males, it is also part of the reproductive system.

Slide 27: Urinary System - Functions

• Excretion: Removes waste products from the bloodstream, including urea, uric acid, and creatinine, which are produced from the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids.

• Balance: Maintains electrolyte (such as sodium and potassium), water, and acid-base balance by adjusting the composition of blood.

• Blood Pressure Regulation: The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by adjusting blood volume and releasing the enzyme renin, which activates mechanisms that increase blood pressure when needed.

Slide 28-29: Reproductive System - Structure

• Male Reproductive System:

  • Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone, the male sex hormone.

  • Vas Deferens: Transports sperm from the testes to the urethra.

  • Urethra: Serves as a passageway for both urine and semen.

  • Prostate Gland: Produces fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.

  • External Genitalia: Penis (delivers sperm during ejaculation) and scrotum (houses the testes and maintains an optimal temperature for sperm production).

• Female Reproductive System:

  • Ovaries: Produce eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

  • Uterus: Houses and nourishes the developing fetus during pregnancy.

  • Fallopian Tubes: Transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus; fertilization typically occurs here.

  • Vagina: Serves as the birth canal and the receptacle for sperm during intercourse.

  • External Genitalia (Vulva): Includes structures such as the labia and clitoris.

  • Mammary Glands (Breasts): Produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Slide 30: Reproductive System - Functions

• Survival of Genes: Produces and transfers gametes (sperm and ova) for reproduction, ensuring the continuation of genetic material.

• Hormone Production: Sex hormones regulate reproductive processes and secondary sexual characteristics, such as body hair and voice changes in males, and breast development in females.

• Fertilization and Development: The female reproductive system supports the fertilization of the egg by the sperm, implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus, and the development of the fetus during pregnancy.

Slide 31: Body as a Whole (1 of 2)

• Lists all 11 organ systems: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic/Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

• Emphasizes how each system contributes to maintaining overall health and function.

Slide 32: Body as a Whole (2 of 2)

• Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions by the coordinated activity of all organ systems. Examples include regulating body temperature, blood glucose levels, and blood pressure.

• Interdependence of Systems: No body system functions entirely independently; all systems are structurally and functionally interrelated, and the failure of one system can affect others.

Slide 33: Organ Replacement - Loss of Function

• Nonvital Organs: Loss of function in nonvital organs, such as the spleen or gallbladder, is not immediately life-threatening but may require medical intervention.

• Vital Organs: Loss of function in vital organs, such as the heart or kidneys, is immediately life-threatening and requires urgent medical treatment or replacement.

Slide 34: Organ Replacement Methods

• Prostheses: Artificial devices used to replace nonvital organs or body parts, such as artificial limbs, heart valves, and joint replacements.

• Organ Transplantation: Surgical procedure to replace a failing organ with a donor organ, such as kidney, liver, or heart transplants.

• Free-Flap Surgeries and Stem Cell Treatment: Advanced treatment options that involve transplanting tissue from one part of the body to another or using stem cells to regenerate damaged tissues.

Slide 35: Examples of Prostheses

• Details/examples of prosthetic devices such as:

  • Artificial Limbs: Used to replace missing arms or legs, allowing for mobility and functionality.

  • Heart Valves: Mechanical or biological valves used to replace damaged heart valves and restore normal blood flow.

  • Joint Replacements: Artificial joints, such as hip or knee replacements, used to restore mobility and relieve pain in damaged joints.