DHY 204
Chapter 9: Gypsum Products
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Gypsum
Gypsum products: Fine powered that are mixed with water to form a fluid mass that can be poured and shaped and that subsequently hardens into a rigid, stable mass → Which in turn are used for making study models or casts, that are positive replicas of the oral cavity
Cast: Positive reproduction (on which a restoration or appliance is fabricated)
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Die: A working replica of a single tooth
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Diagnostic Study Model Use
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Working Cast Use
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Gypsum Formulation
Gypsum is the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate
CaSO4 . 2H2O
1 part calcium sulfate and 2 parts water
Gypsum is commonly found in earth and has to be mined- in rock solid form, grounded up, add water, heated to high temperatures, the calicinated
Heating process is called calcining
Calcining: Heating gypsum to remove moisture
Dihydrate → Hemihydrate
Dihydrate (turns into power)
Hemihydrate (after calcining)
Hemi (half) part water
Pure gypsum is white, but in most deposits, it is discolored by impurities
Gypsum products are used in dentistry, medicine, homes, and industry. In homes, gypsum is used to make walls; in industry, it is used to make molds
Three types of gypsum products are discussed in your chapter: plaster, stone, and high-strength or improved stone
Chemically, all three are calcium sulfate hemihydrate, and they are produced as a result of heating gypsum and driving off part of the water of crystallization from the crystal
Process is known as calcination
Plaster, stone, and improved stone differ in the physical characteristics of their powder particles as a result of differing calcination methods → thus, making them suitable for various uses
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Plaster
Beta-hemihydrate
It is created through calcination using the open kennel technique
Irregular shaped particles that need a lot of water to expand and grow
First gypsum product created
Weakest and least expensive out of the three types of gypsum products
What is the chemical name of the gypsum products that is heated by the open kettle technique?
Beta-hemihydrate
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Stone
Alpha-hemihydrate
In order to extract water out of stone, we use the steam pressure technique
Stronger and more expensive than plaster & needs less water to mix
Water will attach very quickly because the stone crystals are smooth
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Chemical Reaction of Gypsum
CaSO₄ . 2H₂O + heat → (CaSo₄)₂ . H₂O) Or… CaSO₄ . ½ H₂O) + 1 ½H₂O
Gypsum rock is calcium sulfate dihydrate
Gypsum end products: Plaster, stone, high-strength or improved stone
As a result of calcination → calcium sulfate hemihydrate
What does the chemical name of calcium sulfate dihydrate stand for?
Gypsum
Calcium sulfate dihydrate can also be produced synthetically
The chemical reaction of gypsum is not reversible
Exothermic
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Types of Gypsum Products
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Plaster
Dental plaster is the weakest
Gypsum is heated in an open kettle:
Porous
Small, irregular particle shape
Referred to as beta-hemihydrate (or Type II)
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Dental Stone
Dental stone (usually yellow, can be obtained in other colors)
Gypsum is heated under steam pressure in a closed container
Larger, denser
Less porous
More uniform + more regular in particle shape
Referred to as alpha-hemihydrate, (Type III), or Hydrocal
High-strength dental stone → strongest (Type IV)
Book mentions newly developed high-strength stone (Type V)
High-strength dental stone is heated under more pressure in calcium chloride solution + is further refined by grinding
Very dense powder particle, cuboidal in shape with reduced surface area
Least porous
Most regular particle shape
Most packing ability
Often referred to Type IV stone, die stone, densite, or modified alpha-hemihydrate
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Physical Properties of Gypsum
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Physical Properties of Gypsum: Strength + Hardness
2 factors contribute to the strength + abrasion resistance of the final product:
Shape of the particle
Porosity
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Physical Properties of Gypsum: Dimensional Accuracy
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Physical Properties of Gypsum: Reproduction of Detail
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Physical Properties of Gypsum: Solubility
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Product Selection
High-strength stone → for precision
The desired physical properties + behavior necessary for a particular use determine the criteria for selection of a gypsum product
For educational purposes primarily → plaster is the choice
Fabricate container or bleaching tray → stone is the choice
Precision for crown + bridge → hi-strength is the choice
Plaster is frequently used for diagnostic casts + articulation of study casts
Stone is ideal for making full or partial denture models, orthodontic models, and casts requiring high strengths + abrasion resistance: working casts
High-strength Stone is used for fabricating wax patterns of cast restorations (different die colors)
The colors of Gypsum:
Plaster- White
Stone- White/yellow
High-strength stone: Light green/mauve
High-strength high-expansion stone: Green/blue/yellow
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Water/Powder Ratio
The properties of gypsum products are directly related to their W/P ratio
The amount of water in millimeters added to 100 grams of powder
19 ml water/100 g powder (typical for improved stone)
Plaster needs excess water for lubrication (evaporates off during drying)
All three products require different required amounts
Every gypsum product has a recommended W/P ratio
Water is measured in a graduated cylinder
Measure powder on a scale
Add powder to water slowly
A change in the W/P ratio affects:
1.) Setting time (rate-working time)
2.) Strength (hardness)
3.) Setting expansion (viscosity)
Increasing W/P Ratio:
1.) Thinner mix
2.) Increase in setting time (more H₂O has to evaporate)
3.) Reduce the strength + hardness (leaves more air bubbles or voids)
4.) Reduce the setting expansion (a thinner less viscous mix)
Decrease W/P Ratio:
1.) Thicker mix
2.) Decrease the setting time
3.) Increase strength + hardness
4.) Increase setting expansion (a thicker more viscous mix)
Control of setting times:
Alternating the W/P ratio
Spatulation
Temperature of water
Accelerator and retarders
Why would you want to put powder in water?
Because there is a chemical reaction when the powder hits the water, you need to make sure you are mixing at all time
What temperature should the water be?
If you use cold water, it will delay the setting expansions. Hot water accelerates it. Water should be room temperature
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Mixing-Spatulation
For hand spatulation, use flexible rubber bowl and stiff spatula
Recommended: 2 revolutions per second for 1 minute
Some use vibrator to help mixing + get air bubbles to surface → looking for sour cream consistency
For mechanical spatulation, use a vacuum device
An increase in the time & rate of spatulation has a definite effect on setting time & expansion
An increase in spatulation time + rate:
Shorter (decreased) setting time
Increase in setting expansion
Strength (hardness) is thicker
A decrease in spatulation time + rate:
Longer (increased) setting time
Decrease in setting expansion
Strength (hardness) (thinner)
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Avoiding Bubbles in the Model
To avoid bubbles in the model:
1.) Sift powder into water
2.) Vibrate the mix
3.) Controlled rate of spatulation
4.) Use a flexible bowl and spatula
5.) Vacuum mix
6.) Add small increments initially
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Setting Times
Initial setting time (working time) → starts the moment W/P is being mixed until the setting mass reaches a semi-hard state
The semi-fluid mixture is poured into the impression
The “loss of gloss” can be used as a determination of the initial setting or working time; it is typically 5-7 minutes
Final setting time → occurs when a chemical reaction is complete and the model is cool to touch
The model can be removed from the impression
A time of 30-45 minutes
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Variation in Setting Times
Increased setting time (slower-setting product)
Retarders
Borax
Blood
Saliva
Decreased setting time (faster-setting product)
Accelerators
Potassium sulfate
Model trimmer water
Sodium chloride
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Setting Expansion
Plaster
0.2 - 0.3%
Stone
0.08 - 0.1%
Improved stone
0.05 - 0.07%
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Strength
Wet strength
Dry strength
Factors affecting strength
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Other Properties of Gypsum Materials
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Technique of Use
Measuring the water
Measuring the powder
Adding powder and water
Mixing
Hand mixing
Vacuum mixing
Filling the impression
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Temperature
Gypsum is ideally mixed with room temperature water (70 degree Fahrenheit)
An increase in temperature will accelerate the setting time up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit
Remember that this decreases setting time
Temperature above 100 degrees Fahrenheit will retard setting time
Above 212 degrees Fahrenheit (boiling point) → no reaction
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Accelerators & Retarders Review
Accelerators
2% potassium sulfate
Terra alba gypsum particles
Model trimmer “slurry” water
Sodium chloride (table salt)
Retarders
Borax
Blood
Saliva
Alginate
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Hardening Solution
Increase hardness + abrasion resistance
Increase setting expansion
Composed of:
1.) Water
2.) Colloidal silica
3.) Chemical modifiers
** \n Storage & Infection Control**
Storage
Gypsum should be stored in airtight, moisture proof containers because it can absorb moisture from the air, which can adversely affect the powder
Infection control
Models may be sprayed with iodophor, 1:10 sodium hypochlorite, or chlorine dioxide
Preferable to disinfect impression because it is easier, more effective + limits the introduction of cross-contaminated items in the lab
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Chapter 9 Review Questions
1.) The desirable strength of gypsum is related to the amount of water used.
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2.) For gypsum products, a suitable accelerator and retarder, respectively, would be:
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3.) The gypsum material known as “high-strength stone” may also be referred to as:
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4.) The final setting time in minutes for gypsum products typically is:
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5.) To make a correct mix for dental stone when using 50 g of powder, the amount of water would be approximately:
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6.) Cathy and her parents will meet with an orthodontist to discuss an orthodontic treatment plan. At a previous appointment, the orthodontist took impressions of Cathy’s maxillary and mandibular arches. The replicas made from each impression to discuss the treatment plan are termed:
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7.) Decreasing the setting time of a dental material results in a product that:
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8.) The weakest gypsum product is:
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9.) When excess water is not present in a gypsum product, it is known as the:
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10.) The best way to mix gypsum products is to: (according to manufacturer’s directions)
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11.) Initial and final setting times of gypsum can be determined with the use of the Gillmore needles. A practical, easy method to determine final setting time in a dental office would be to:
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12.) When the setting time of a dental material is increased, which of the following is true?
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*Answers are in the back of textbook*
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