Three Part Division of Memory Processes

• Memory is generally divided into three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. ⁸

Multi Store Model of Memory

• The Multi Store Model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), is a widely influential model that illustrates the human memory system. ⁹

• It consists of three main components:

  • Sensory registers: hold information from sensory inputs briefly.

  • Short-term memory (STM): has limited capacity and duration, information can be lost through displacement or lack of rehearsal. 【4,5,6,7,8】

  • Long-term memory (LTM): has large capacity and long duration, information is coded semantically. ³

Limitations of the Multi Store Model

• The model is oversimplified and has several limitations, such as assuming STM and LTM are unitary stores and that all items in STM are of equal status. 【12,13】

• However, the separation of STM and LTM is considered one of the key elements closest to the truth so far. 【15,16】

Working Memory Model

• The Working Memory Model, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), argues that STM should not be seen as a simple holding pen, but rather a system for temporary storage and manipulation of information. 【17,18,19,20,21】

Levels of Processing Theory

• The Levels of Processing Theory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) suggests that the depth or level of processing during encoding affects memorability. 【22,23,24,25】

• Deeper, semantic processing leads to better long-term retention compared to shallow, perceptual processing. 【25,26,27】

Memory Processes: Encoding

• Encoding involves two major processes: organization and the use of mnemonics. 【29,30,31】

Memory Processes: Retrieval

• Retrieval cues, such as environmental context or internal state, can facilitate the accessibility of available memories. 【32,33,34】

• The Encoding Specificity Principle states that recall is maximized when the retrieval context matches the encoding context. 【33,34】

Forgetting

• Forgetting can be explained by decay of memories over time or interference from new or old information. 【35,36,37】

• Retroactive interference (new information disrupting old memories) and proactive interference (old information disrupting new memories) can both contribute to forgetting. ⁵