memory
Memory is generally divided into three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. 8
The Multi Store Model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), is a widely influential model that illustrates the human memory system. 9
It consists of three main components:
Sensory registers: hold information from sensory inputs briefly.
Short-term memory (STM): has limited capacity and duration, information can be lost through displacement or lack of rehearsal. 【4,5,6,7,8】
Long-term memory (LTM): has large capacity and long duration, information is coded semantically. 3
The model is oversimplified and has several limitations, such as assuming STM and LTM are unitary stores and that all items in STM are of equal status. 【12,13】
However, the separation of STM and LTM is considered one of the key elements closest to the truth so far. 【15,16】
The Working Memory Model, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), argues that STM should not be seen as a simple holding pen, but rather a system for temporary storage and manipulation of information. 【17,18,19,20,21】
The Levels of Processing Theory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) suggests that the depth or level of processing during encoding affects memorability. 【22,23,24,25】
Deeper, semantic processing leads to better long-term retention compared to shallow, perceptual processing. 【25,26,27】
Encoding involves two major processes: organization and the use of mnemonics. 【29,30,31】
Retrieval cues, such as environmental context or internal state, can facilitate the accessibility of available memories. 【32,33,34】
The Encoding Specificity Principle states that recall is maximized when the retrieval context matches the encoding context. 【33,34】
Forgetting can be explained by decay of memories over time or interference from new or old information. 【35,36,37】
Retroactive interference (new information disrupting old memories) and proactive interference (old information disrupting new memories) can both contribute to forgetting. 5
Memory is generally divided into three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. 8
The Multi Store Model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), is a widely influential model that illustrates the human memory system. 9
It consists of three main components:
Sensory registers: hold information from sensory inputs briefly.
Short-term memory (STM): has limited capacity and duration, information can be lost through displacement or lack of rehearsal. 【4,5,6,7,8】
Long-term memory (LTM): has large capacity and long duration, information is coded semantically. 3
The model is oversimplified and has several limitations, such as assuming STM and LTM are unitary stores and that all items in STM are of equal status. 【12,13】
However, the separation of STM and LTM is considered one of the key elements closest to the truth so far. 【15,16】
The Working Memory Model, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), argues that STM should not be seen as a simple holding pen, but rather a system for temporary storage and manipulation of information. 【17,18,19,20,21】
The Levels of Processing Theory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) suggests that the depth or level of processing during encoding affects memorability. 【22,23,24,25】
Deeper, semantic processing leads to better long-term retention compared to shallow, perceptual processing. 【25,26,27】
Encoding involves two major processes: organization and the use of mnemonics. 【29,30,31】
Retrieval cues, such as environmental context or internal state, can facilitate the accessibility of available memories. 【32,33,34】
The Encoding Specificity Principle states that recall is maximized when the retrieval context matches the encoding context. 【33,34】
Forgetting can be explained by decay of memories over time or interference from new or old information. 【35,36,37】
Retroactive interference (new information disrupting old memories) and proactive interference (old information disrupting new memories) can both contribute to forgetting. 5
