Final Exam 12-15

Q: What are the three meanings of healthcare costs?
A: Price of services, national expenditures, and provider costs.
Q: What does "imperfect market" mean in healthcare?
A: Services are utilized in an unchecked way, increasing prices.
Q: How does defensive medicine increase costs?
A: It leads to unnecessary tests and treatments to avoid lawsuits.
Q: What are the five dimensions of access to care?
A: Accessibility, accommodation, affordability, availability, acceptability.
Q: Differentiate between quality assurance and quality assessment.
A: Assessment measures quality against a standard; assurance improves quality through continuous efforts.

Q: What is the definition of health policy?
A: Decisions meant to influence health outcomes and protect citizens.
Q: What are allocative tools in health policy?
A: Direct provision of income, services, or goods to certain groups.
Q: What is the role of public policies?
A: To direct or influence actions, behaviors, or decisions.
Q: Name two principal features of U.S. health policy.
A: Incremental reform and fragmented policies.
Q: How did the ACA aim to expand access to healthcare?
A: By reducing the number of uninsured and promoting new care models like medical homes.

Q: What forces will shape the future of healthcare?
A: National debt, economic growth, and employment.
Q: What is patient activation?
A: A patient’s skills, confidence, and motivation to engage in their own care.
Q: Why is geriatric training important?
A: To meet the needs of an aging population requiring specialized care.
Q: What is the Focused Factory Model?
A: Specialized centers for specific conditions to improve efficiency and outcomes.
Q: How does evidence-based medicine improve healthcare?
A: By combining clinical data with patient input to guide treatment decisions.

Q: What are the components of the Principles of Management Framework?
A: Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
Q: What is the Efficient Economic Market Theory?
A: A theory assuming perfect information, zero transaction costs, and free market entry/exit.

Q: What issue does "Escape Fire" highlight about the U.S. healthcare system?
A: It is a payment-centered system instead of patient-centered.
Q: How much of U.S. healthcare costs are driven by personal behaviors?
A: 70%.
Q: What health prediction was made in "Escape Fire"?
A: Half of Americans will be diabetic or prediabetic within 10 years.
Q: What is Cleveland Clinic known for?
A: Delivering the best health outcomes in the U.S. at the lowest cost.

Q: What are three factors that lead to cost escalation in healthcare?
A: Growth of technology, aging population, and defensive medicine.
Q: How does the Affordable Care Act address quality?
A: By linking payments to quality outcomes and strengthening infrastructure.
Q: What is a major challenge to delivering cost-efficient care?
A: Balancing quality with affordability.
Q: What are the historic reasons for resistance to changes in healthcare delivery?
A: High costs, access disparities, and reliance on experimental models.

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