02 SITEWORKS (1)

1. EARTHWORKS

• Covers various aspects and practices in construction and pavement engineering.

1.01 Acronyms

• AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

• ANSI: American National Standards Institute

• ASTM: American Society for Testing Materials

• DPWH: Dept. of Public Works and Highways (Phil Govt)

• USCS: Unified Soil Classification System

1.02 Definitions & Standard Tests

• Describes standards in measuring soil types and quality for construction.

• AASHTO Soil Classification System: Classifies inorganic soils based on suitability as subgrade materials pertaining to drainage and bearing capacity.

• Defines various particle sizes:

  • Boulders: > 75 mm

  • Gravel: 75 mm to No. 10 sieve

  • Coarse Sand: No. 10 to No. 40 sieve

  • Fine Sand: No. 40 to No. 200 sieve

  • Silt-Clay Particles: passing No. 200 sieve

1.03 Riprap

• Constructed layer of stone to prevent erosion, scour, or sloughing of structures or embankments.

• Definition: Stone used for lining to protect channels; gradation typically ranges from 50 mm to 1148 mm.

• Resistance Factors: Weight, size, shape of riprap, channel geometry, filter blanket below.

1.04 Gabion

• A wire-enclosed structure filled with stone for erosion control.

• Advantages: Can be made from available units, allows for steeper linings, smaller rocks can be used effectively with wrapping.

1.05 Geosynthetics

• Material like geotextiles, geomembranes, geocomposites, geonets, and geocells used for construction and drainage purposes.

• Geotextiles: Made from polymeric materials, used for reinforcement and filtration.

• Geomembranes: Continuous sheets that are impermeable, often made from HDPE or PVC.

• Geocomposites: Combine multiple components for improved performance in drainage applications.

1.06 Erosion-Control Materials

• Temporary and permanent systems to protect against soil erosion, such as open mesh systems and biodegradable meshes.

2. TERMITE/BUKBOK PROOFING

• Techniques to prevent termite infestations in structures.

2.01 Termite Proofing

• Methods:

  • Physical Barriers: Prevent access to wood.

  • Chemical Barriers: Establish a treated area that repels termites.

  • Bait System: Attract termites to slow-acting insect growth regulators.

Physical Barriers Explained

• Termite Resistant Sand: Uniform sized grains that obstruct termite movement.

• Termite Mesh: Fine steel mesh that blocks even small termites; used in slab construction.

• Home Construction: Design homes on pillars in high-risk areas to separate from ground termites.

Chemical Barriers Explained

• Objective: Create continuous treated zones to kill or deter termites.

• Application Techniques:

  • Vertical Barriers: Rodding or trenching around foundations.

  • Horizontal Barriers: Spray applications over slab foundations and injection methods to safeguard earth.

3. ROADS & PARKING

• Focus on materials and foundation for road construction.

3.01 Subgrade and Base Course Materials

• Borrow Material: Soil, crushed stone, sand raised for construction.

• Base Course Material: Durable stone fragments that comply with AASHTO standards for stability.

• Choker Aggregate: Filter layer that supports the subgrade and provides stability.

3.02 Paving and Surfacing

• Concrete: Referenced in other mentioned documentation.

• Bituminous Surfacing: Made from various asphalt components that stabilize and seal surfaces.

  • Hot Mix Asphalt: Mixed at high temperatures; ideal for paving.

  • Cold Mix Asphalt: Used for repairs; less durable than hot mix.

  • Asphaltic Macadam: Crushed stone asphalt paving method.

Additional Notes

• General principles and definitions related to gabions, soil types, and road construction principles.

• More detailed categories of geosynthetics and erosion-control materials in later pages.