RN

02 SITEWORKS (1)

1. EARTHWORKS

  • Covers various aspects and practices in construction and pavement engineering.

1.01 Acronyms

  • AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

  • ANSI: American National Standards Institute

  • ASTM: American Society for Testing Materials

  • DPWH: Dept. of Public Works and Highways (Phil Govt)

  • USCS: Unified Soil Classification System

1.02 Definitions & Standard Tests

  • Describes standards in measuring soil types and quality for construction.

  • AASHTO Soil Classification System: Classifies inorganic soils based on suitability as subgrade materials pertaining to drainage and bearing capacity.

  • Defines various particle sizes:

    • Boulders: > 75 mm

    • Gravel: 75 mm to No. 10 sieve

    • Coarse Sand: No. 10 to No. 40 sieve

    • Fine Sand: No. 40 to No. 200 sieve

    • Silt-Clay Particles: passing No. 200 sieve

1.03 Riprap

  • Constructed layer of stone to prevent erosion, scour, or sloughing of structures or embankments.

  • Definition: Stone used for lining to protect channels; gradation typically ranges from 50 mm to 1148 mm.

  • Resistance Factors: Weight, size, shape of riprap, channel geometry, filter blanket below.

1.04 Gabion

  • A wire-enclosed structure filled with stone for erosion control.

  • Advantages: Can be made from available units, allows for steeper linings, smaller rocks can be used effectively with wrapping.

1.05 Geosynthetics

  • Material like geotextiles, geomembranes, geocomposites, geonets, and geocells used for construction and drainage purposes.

  • Geotextiles: Made from polymeric materials, used for reinforcement and filtration.

  • Geomembranes: Continuous sheets that are impermeable, often made from HDPE or PVC.

  • Geocomposites: Combine multiple components for improved performance in drainage applications.

1.06 Erosion-Control Materials

  • Temporary and permanent systems to protect against soil erosion, such as open mesh systems and biodegradable meshes.

2. TERMITE/BUKBOK PROOFING

  • Techniques to prevent termite infestations in structures.

2.01 Termite Proofing

  • Methods:

    • Physical Barriers: Prevent access to wood.

    • Chemical Barriers: Establish a treated area that repels termites.

    • Bait System: Attract termites to slow-acting insect growth regulators.

Physical Barriers Explained

  • Termite Resistant Sand: Uniform sized grains that obstruct termite movement.

  • Termite Mesh: Fine steel mesh that blocks even small termites; used in slab construction.

  • Home Construction: Design homes on pillars in high-risk areas to separate from ground termites.

Chemical Barriers Explained

  • Objective: Create continuous treated zones to kill or deter termites.

  • Application Techniques:

    • Vertical Barriers: Rodding or trenching around foundations.

    • Horizontal Barriers: Spray applications over slab foundations and injection methods to safeguard earth.

3. ROADS & PARKING

  • Focus on materials and foundation for road construction.

3.01 Subgrade and Base Course Materials

  • Borrow Material: Soil, crushed stone, sand raised for construction.

  • Base Course Material: Durable stone fragments that comply with AASHTO standards for stability.

  • Choker Aggregate: Filter layer that supports the subgrade and provides stability.

3.02 Paving and Surfacing

  • Concrete: Referenced in other mentioned documentation.

  • Bituminous Surfacing: Made from various asphalt components that stabilize and seal surfaces.

    • Hot Mix Asphalt: Mixed at high temperatures; ideal for paving.

    • Cold Mix Asphalt: Used for repairs; less durable than hot mix.

    • Asphaltic Macadam: Crushed stone asphalt paving method.

Additional Notes

  • General principles and definitions related to gabions, soil types, and road construction principles.

  • More detailed categories of geosynthetics and erosion-control materials in later pages.