Europe 1860-1914 Video 10

Introduction to Europe (1860-1914)

• This period is marked by significant political, social, and economic changes that shaped modern Europe.

• The era encompasses the rise of nationalism, imperialism, and major conflicts that would set the stage for World War I.

Political Landscape

Nationalism

• Nationalism emerged as a powerful force, leading to the unification of Italy and Germany.

• Countries began to stress national identity, which often resulted in tensions between different ethnic groups.

• Key events include the Italian unification led by figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and the German unification, principally orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck.

Imperialism

• European powers expanded their empires through colonization in Africa and Asia, driven by the desire for new markets and resources.

• The 'Scramble for Africa' occurred as various nations competed for territory, resulting in conflicts and treaties.

• Notable examples include the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa.

Social Changes

Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution continued to transform European economies, leading to urbanization and changes in labor.

• Technological advancements improved production methods and transportation, facilitating trade.

• However, this also led to social issues such as child labor, poor working conditions, and the rise of socialist movements advocating for workers' rights.

Class Struggles

• A clear class divide emerged, with the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class) having conflicting interests.

• The rise of trade unions and political parties began advocating for workers' rights and reforms.

Cultural Developments

The Arts

• This period saw a flourishing of the arts and literature, with movements such as Romanticism, Realism, and Impressionism capturing the evolving societal landscape.

• Important figures include artists like Vincent van Gogh and writers like Leo Tolstoy and Marcel Proust, who reflected the complexities of contemporary life.

Scientific Advances

• Significant scientific discoveries changed views on society and humanity, with advances in fields such as psychology (Sigmund Freud) and physics (Albert Einstein).

• These breakthroughs contributed to a reevaluation of traditional beliefs and ethical standards.

Road to Conflict

• The growth of militarism coupled with nationalism set a precarious tone for Europe, as nations prepared for potential conflicts.

• Alliances formed (Triple Alliance and Triple Entente) created a delicate balance that would later explosively unfold in World War I.

• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 was the catalyst that triggered this conflict, bringing the complex dynamics of this period into a dramatic climax.