FMGT0213 Chapter 2: Internet

INTERNET

• A network is two or more computers connected via wire or wireless.
• The Internet is a telecommunication or worldwide system of computer networks (a network connected to other networks).
• Connected networks in the Internet allow them to exchange data and information.

EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

• Origin: The Internet has its roots in a networking project started by the Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), a U.S. Department of Defense agency.
• Objective: Build a network to share information and that could function even if part of it was disabled or destroyed by a disaster (e.g., nuclear attack).
• ARPANET: The network became functional in September 1969, linking scientific and academic researchers across the U.S.
• Scale today: Millions of hosts connect to this network, which is now known as the Internet.
• Open question posed: "Who owns the Internet, then?" (implies multi-stakeholder governance rather than a single owner).

INTERNET Vs. WEB

• The World Wide Web (WWW) is a worldwide collection of electronic documents.
• Each electronic document on the Web is a webpage.
• The Web is a part of the Internet and is the service of the Internet that users interact with most.
• Common misconception: ‘net’ and ‘web’ are interchangeable; technically, the Web is a service built on top of the Internet.

WEB BROWSER

• A web browser is software that allows users to view, retrieve information and access websites.
• Without a web browser, exploring Internet features is limited; browsers provide access to search engines and URLs.
• Factors affecting browser choice:
  • Configuring options: privacy features, security features, and favourites/bookmarks.
  • Obtaining browsers: browsers come built into operating systems or can be installed on devices.
  • Making a decision: what the user wants the browser to do; device age can influence compatibility.
  • Common options: Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Opera, Edge.

WEB BROWSERS (examples)

• Google Chrome
• Mozilla Firefox
• Safari
• DeepNet (listed in the slide)
• SeaMonkey
• Tor
• Opera
• Maxthon
• Internet Explorer
• Avant
• Educational/organizational mentions: UNIRAZAK, UNIVERSITI TUN ABDUL RAZAK

SEARCH ENGINES

• Inside a web browser, a tool that provides a service to search information on the Internet is called a Search Engine.
• A search engine is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other information related to a specific topic.
• Different search engines use different algorithms, which is why results may differ between engines.

IP ADDRESS AND DOMAIN NAME

• IP ADDRESS: Each time you connect to the Internet, your computer is assigned a unique identification number called an Internet Protocol Address (IP address).
• An IP address is a sequence of numbers that identifies the location of a device on a network or the Internet.
• IP address format example: 123.123.123.123 (four numbers separated by dots).
• Domain name: A text-based name that corresponds to the IP address/server and is part of the web address you type in a browser’s address bar to access a website.
• Domain name provides a memorable alternative to numerical IP addresses.

DOMAIN NAME (DETAILED)

• Example: Pinging WWW.GOOGLE.COM.MY [74.125.130.94] with 32 bytes of data:
  • Reply from 74.125.130.94: bytes=32 time=22ms TTL=45
  • Reply from 74.125.130.94: bytes=32 time=9ms TTL=45
  • Reply from 74.125.130.94: bytes=32 time=22ms TTL=45
  • Reply from 74.125.130.94: bytes=32 time=16ms TTL=45
• Ping statistics: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
  Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 9ms, Maximum = 22ms, Average = 17ms
• Notes:
  • The prompt shows a Windows command prompt path: C:\Users\admin> (environment information, not a technical concept)

POPULAR TOP-LEVEL DOMAINS (TLDs)

• TLD: .biz — Intended Purpose: Businesses
• .com — Commercial organizations, businesses, and companies
• .edu — Educational institutions
• .gov — Government agencies
• .mil — Military organizations
• .museum — Museums and individual museum professionals
• .name — Individuals
• .net — Network providers or commercial companies
• .org — Nonprofit organizations
• .pro — Licensed professionals
• subdomain — Not a TLD; refers to hierarchies under a domain
• Top Level Domain (TLD) categories shown: technology, travel
• URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator; domain (name) and protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol) are parts of URLs
• Example URL: http://www.google.com
• Protocols and terms:
  • Protocol: HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
  • Domain name in a URL

URL, DOMAIN NAME, AND PROTOCOL SUMMARY

• URL = Uniform Resource Locator
• In a URL, you typically see: protocol://domain/path
• Example given: http://www.google.com

INTERNET HAS CHANGED THE WORLD

• The Internet has transformed many aspects of society and daily life (implied).

THE USE OF INTERNET

• Examples by category:
  • Communication: Skype, WhatsApp, Email
  • Online Banking: M2U, CIMB Clicks
  • Online Shopping: Lazada, mudah.my
  • Education: FullAmark
  • Entertainment: YouTube, Y8.com

E-MAIL, CHAT ROOMS AND ONLINE DISCUSSION

• Posting etiquette rules:
  • Avoid multiposting, cross-posting, off-topic posting, and hijacking a discussion thread.
  • Avoid flamewars and spam.
  • Avoid typing in ALL CAPS or using excessively large scripts for emphasis (seen as shouting).
  • Do not send text containing viruses.

NETIQUETTE

• Do’s:
  • Respect other people's privacy
  • Verify facts before reposting
  • Check messages and respond promptly
• Don’ts:
  • Name-call or express offensive opinions
  • Post private or embarrassing images or comments
  • Exclude people or talk behind their backs

NOTES ON LEARNING OUTCOMES

• By the end of the topic, students should be able to:
  • Discuss the evolution of the Internet.
  • Describe ways to compose effective search text.
  • Explain how to use e-mail, chat rooms and online discussions.
  • Identify the rules of netiquette.