Cell structure and function

1. Ribosome

a. What is the structure and function of the ribosome?

b. How does the structure of the ribosome aid in the function?

c. What are the three types of RNA involved in the structure or function of the ribosome?

2. How does the ribosome demonstrate a common ancestry of all known life?

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum

a. What is the structure and function of the rough ER?

b. How does the structure of the rough ER aid in the function?

c. What is the structure and function of the smooth ER?

d. How does the structure of the smooth ER aid in the function?

4. What is the relationship between the ribosome and the rough ER?

5. Golgi Bodies/Apparatus/Complex

• Note: any of the names could appear on the exam so be knowledgeable about the different ways you might

see this structure

a. What is the structure and function of the Golgi?

b. How does the structure of the Golgi aid in the function?

6. Mitochondria

a. What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?

• Note: Mitochondria is the “powerhouse of the cell” is not an appropriate response on the AP exam

b. How does the structure of the mitochondria aid in the function?

7. Lysosome

a. What is the structure and function of the lysosome?

b. How does the structure of the lysosome aid in the function?

8. Vacuoles

a. What is the structure of the vacuole?

b. What is the function of the food vacuole?

c. What is the function of the central vacuole?

d. What is the function of the contractile vacuole?

9. Chloroplast

a. What is the structure and function of a chloroplast?

b. How does the structure of the chloroplast aid in the function?

1. How does the endoplasmic reticulum provide mechanical support?

2. How does the endoplasmic reticulum aid in protein synthesis?

3. How does the endoplasmic reticulum aid in intracellular transport?

4. How does the lysosome aid in intracellular digestion?

5. How does the lysosome aid in recycling the cell’s organic materials?

6. How does the lysosome aid in apoptosis (programmed cell death)?

7. How does the vacuole assist in storage of macromolecules?

8. How does the vacuole provide turgor pressure?

9. What is the structure of the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria?

a. How does that contribute to the function of the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria?

10. How is the chloroplast organized?

11. What is embedded in the chloroplast and how does it aid in the function of the chloroplast?

12. Where do the light-dependent and light-independent reactions take place?

13. How does the thylakoid aid in energy capturing?

14. How does the thylakoid aid in energy storing?

15. Where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) in cellular respiration take place?

16. Where does the electron transport chain in cellular respiration take place?

17. Where does the electron transport chain in photosynthesis take place?

18. Where is ATP synthesized in cellular respiration?

19. Where is ATP synthesized in photosynthesis?

1. How does surface area to volume ratio affect the size of the cell?

2. What type of surface area to volume ratio is most favorable for cells?

7. How does an increase of surface area affect the increase in volume?

8. How can a cell increase surface area without increasing the volume?

9. How can an increase in surface affect heat exchange?

10. Identify and describe two examples of specialized surfaces for exchanging materials with the surrounding

environment.

11. Identify and describe two examples of strategies that organisms use to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes.

1. What are the components of the cell membrane?

2. How do each of the above components function in the cell membrane?

3. Describe the orientation of the components for the structure of the phospholipid.

5. How does the phospholipid bilayer maintain the internal environment of a cell?

6. What are the different types of membrane proteins?

7. Describe six functions of membrane proteins.

8. How does the polarity of the membrane protein affect its orientation in the membrane?

9. How does the membrane protein maintain the internal environment of a cell?

10. Define the fluid mosaic model.

11. What is the function of steroids in the plasma membrane?

12. What is the function of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

13. What is the function of glycolipids in the plasma membrane?

1. What types of materials can easily pass through the membrane?

a. Identify two examples.

b. Why does this type of material easily pass through the membrane?

2. What types of materials require a protein to pass through the membrane?

a. Identify two examples.

b. Why does this type of material require a protein to pass through the membrane?

3. True or False? Any molecule can use any transport protein.

4. What types of materials require a vesicle for export or a food vacuole for import?

a. Identify two examples.

b. Why does this type of material require bulk transport?

5. Where are plasma membranes found in a cell

6. What types of cells have a cell wall?

7. How does the cell wall maintain cell structure?

8. How does the cell wall protect the cell from hypotonic solutions?

9. How do materials pass through the cell wall?

10. What composes the cell wall of a plant?

11. What composes the cell wall of a fungi?

12. What composes the cell wall of a prokaryote?

1. What is passive transport?

2. Identify two examples of passive transport.

3. What is active transport?

4. Identify two examples of active transport.

5. What is required for active transport?

6. What is a concentration gradient?

7. How is a concentration gradient maintained?

8. What causes a concentration gradient?

9. What is endocytosis?

10. Describe the three types of endocytosis.

11. Identify an example of a material that would require endocytosis.

12. How are the food materials brought in by endocytosis digested?

13. What is exocytosis?

14. Identify an example of a material that would require exocytosis.

1. How do charged molecules or ions pass through the membrane?

2. How do large polar molecules pass through the membrane?

3. How do small amounts of water pass through the membrane?

• Note: Be careful on this answer

4. How do large amounts of water pass through the membrane?

5. How do the passage of ions affect the membrane potential?

6. What is required for active transport?

7. How is a concentration gradient established and maintained?

8. What is the function of an ATPase?

9. How does the Na+/K+ ATPase maintain the membrane potential?

1. What does it mean if a solution is hypotonic?

2. What does it mean if a solution is hypertonic?

3. What does it mean if a solution is isotonic?

5. What is water potential?

6. How does it explain the direction of water movement?

8. Which direction will water flow based on the information in question 7? Justify.

9. What is homeostasis?

10. What is osmoregulation?

11. Identify two ways that the cell complete osmoregulation.

12. Identify two ways that organisms complete osmoregulation.

13. Which direction would water flow if one solution A is 0.5 M and solution B is 0.2 M?

14. Which direction would water flow if one solution A is 0.3 M and solution B is 0.6 M?

1. How do ions move across the membrane?

2. Describe the process of passive transport.

3. Describe the process of facilitated diffusion.

4. Describe the process of active transport.

5. Describe the process of endocytosis.

6. Describe the process of exocytosis.

7. How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion similar?

8. How are similar diffusion and facilitated diffusion different?

1. How does the membrane of organelles allow for specific processes to take place?

a. Identify two examples of processes that could not take place without the use of a membrane.

2. How does the membrane of organelles allow for enzymatic processes to take place?

3. How do membrane-bound organelles allow for compartmentalization of the cell and its functions?

4. What is the function of the inner membrane folding in the mitochondria?

5. What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum’s folded membrane?

6. What is the function of thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast?

7. What is the function of the multiple membranes and sacs found in the Golgi?

1. Identify three similarities between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

2. Identify three differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

3. How is a prokaryotic cell compartmentalized?

4. How is a eukaryotic cell compartmentalized?

5. What is the endosymbiotic theory?

6. How did membrane bound organelles originate in eukaryotic cells?

7. Identify three pieces of evidence for endosymbiotic theory by identifying three similarities between mitochondria and

the ancestral species.

8. Identify three pieces of evidence for endosymbiotic theory by identifying three similarities between chloroplasts and

the ancestral species.

9. Which organelle was obtained first: mitochondria or chloroplast? Justify.