Critical Analysis sources

Page 1: Livy’s Speech by Cato the Elder

Livy recounts a speech made by Marcius Porcius Cato (Cato the Elder) following the conclusion of the Second Punic War, where he advocated for the lex Oppia, which aimed to restrict women's public spending. Cato emphasizes the erosion of male authority at home, attributing this decay to the increasingly assertive behavior of women. He argues that if individual husbands asserted their dignity in the domestic sphere, the collective problems with women would diminish. Cato believes that women's growing influence in public life is dangerous, as it threatens traditional gender roles and the societal structure.

In his view, ancestors had imposed strict controls on women, disallowing them from conducting business without a male guardian. Today, however, women not only participate in public affairs but also engage in political actions such as supporting tribunes and voting for the repeal of laws like the lex Oppia, leading to a perceived loss of control by men. Cato warns that granting women complete freedom would set a precedent for further demands, ultimately aiming for complete equality with men, a situation he argues will render men incapable of managing them. The speech reflects a patriarchal mindset, where fears over women’s exercise of agency provoke a call to return to stricter societal norms.

Page 2: Laudatio Turiae

The "Laudatio Turiae" is a poignant funerary inscription that serves as an eulogy from the husband to his deceased wife, identified as Turia. This inscription, notable for its length and depth, touches on various virtues and heroic actions of Turia, particularly in the context of familial loyalty and justice. The narrator recounts how Turia, becoming an orphan before their wedding, ensured that her parents' deaths were avenged, showcasing her resolute character. Despite her challenges, Turia was recognized for her strong defense of family duties during a time when her husband was absent and unable to provide support.

Turia's legal acumen is highlighted when she stood firm against legal challenges to her inheritance, demonstrating her intelligence and dedication to protecting family interests. This narrative recognizes the complexity and strength of women in Roman society, juxtaposed with the earlier discourse of Cato that dismisses women’s capacity for public engagement.

Page 3: Virtues and Contributions of Turia

The narrator expresses profound admiration for Turia's loyalty, domestic virtues, and industrious nature over their 40-year marriage, creating a juxtaposition of typical expectations of womanly conduct with Turia’s exceptional capabilities. Such qualities include modesty, dedication to family, and her unwavering support for her husband’s needs. Moreover, Turia's noble actions in providing for her husband during his exile are articulated, emphasizing her bravery and resourcefulness in distressing situations, such as defending their home against threats during civil unrest.

Turia is credited with a spectrum of domestic and social virtues, including an industrious nature in managing their household and generosity to both family and friends. This recognition highlights how women played crucial roles in sustaining familial stability and societal relationships, countering the negative sentiments expressed by Cato.

Page 4: Turia’s Sacrifices

This segment of the eulogy recounts Turia's sacrifices, particularly during crises affecting her husband’s safety. Her courage during these tumultuous times underscores her strength and commitment, exemplified by her actions to secure her husband’s safety even amid personal risk. Her persistence in seeking favorable outcomes from powerful figures stands as a testament to her formidable spirit and character.

Additionally, the narrator highlights their shared aspirations for children that fate prevented them from achieving, suggesting a deep emotional bond and understanding between them. Turia's proposal to divorce to allow her husband to remarry and have children illustrates her selflessness and commitment to his happiness, reinforcing her virtuous character.

Page 5: Lasting Impact and Legacy

The final notes of the eulogy reflect on the lasting impact Turia had on her husband's life and affairs. While expressing great sorrow over their separation by death, the husband acknowledges the indelible mark she left through her virtues and actions. The mention of her wishes and guidance illustrates a depth of mutual respect and partnership that transcends traditional gender roles, presenting Turia as an equal partner in their relationship.

In conclusion, the husband recognizes the strength he draws from Turia’s memory, asserting that her legacy will continue to guide and inspire him. He expresses a deep grief mixed with appreciation for her contributions, reiterating that Turia’s enduring fame and virtues will provide him comfort. The eulogy not only honors her remarkable life but also serves to highlight a profound emotional connection between the couple, choosing to celebrate her memory as a source of strength for his ongoing life.