01-Chap1_SF10

Unit Overview

  • Focus: Energy and Matter in Chemical Change

  • Key Inquiry: How chemical reactions affect physical performance, e.g., running and oxygen consumption.

  • Integration of ancient theories with modern chemical theories.

Early Chemical Theories

  • Origin: Concepts of matter traced back to philosophers and alchemists.

  • Development: Over the past 400 years, modern chemical theories evolved.

Chapter Structure

  • Chapter 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

  • Topics include:

    • Safety and handling of chemicals.

    • Historical hypotheses about atoms.

    • Construction and combinations of elements and compounds.

    • Chemical properties and safety (WHMIS, MSDS).

Chemical Properties and Historical Perspective

  • Matter: Anything with mass and volume; includes solids, liquids, gases, and invisible forms.

  • Early theories: Matter composed of four elements (earth, water, fire, air).

  • Transition from philosophical ideas to scientific inquiry about particles forming matter.

Chemical Safety

  • Importance of safety when using chemicals; involved WHMIS and MSDS.

  • Aboriginal peoples historically utilized chemical properties for practical needs (e.g., dyes, food preservation).

Dalton's Atomic Theory (1808)

  • All matter consists of indivisible atoms.

  • Different elements' atoms differ in mass.

  • Compounds are formed by the combination of atoms.

  • Atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed, in chemical reactions.

Evidence for Atomic Theory

  • Use of cathode ray experiments leading to the discovery of electrons (J.J. Thomson).

  • Rutherford's gold foil experiment establishing the nucleus.

  • Neutron discovery confirmed the structure of atoms (Chadwick).

Electron Arrangement and Bonding

  • Arrangement influences stability and bond formation in compounds.

  • Ionic compounds: Formed through electron transfer between metals and non-metals.

  • Molecular compounds: Formed through shared electrons (covalent bonds).

Periodic Table Insights

  • Elements grouped by similar properties; periodic table is essential in predicting reactions.

  • Valence electrons dictate chemical bonding behavior; stable arrangements achieved via bonding.

Summary of Key Concepts

  • Chemical change involves energy transfer and interaction of atoms.

  • Understanding atom structure critical for explaining chemical behavior and reactions.

  • Importance of safety practices in handling chemical substances.