01-Chap1_SF10

Unit Overview

• Focus: Energy and Matter in Chemical Change

• Key Inquiry: How chemical reactions affect physical performance, e.g., running and oxygen consumption.

• Integration of ancient theories with modern chemical theories.

Early Chemical Theories

• Origin: Concepts of matter traced back to philosophers and alchemists.

• Development: Over the past 400 years, modern chemical theories evolved.

Chapter Structure

• Chapter 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

• Topics include:

  • Safety and handling of chemicals.

  • Historical hypotheses about atoms.

  • Construction and combinations of elements and compounds.

  • Chemical properties and safety (WHMIS, MSDS).

Chemical Properties and Historical Perspective

• Matter: Anything with mass and volume; includes solids, liquids, gases, and invisible forms.

• Early theories: Matter composed of four elements (earth, water, fire, air).

• Transition from philosophical ideas to scientific inquiry about particles forming matter.

Chemical Safety

• Importance of safety when using chemicals; involved WHMIS and MSDS.

• Aboriginal peoples historically utilized chemical properties for practical needs (e.g., dyes, food preservation).

Dalton's Atomic Theory (1808)

• All matter consists of indivisible atoms.

• Different elements' atoms differ in mass.

• Compounds are formed by the combination of atoms.

• Atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed, in chemical reactions.

Evidence for Atomic Theory

• Use of cathode ray experiments leading to the discovery of electrons (J.J. Thomson).

• Rutherford's gold foil experiment establishing the nucleus.

• Neutron discovery confirmed the structure of atoms (Chadwick).

Electron Arrangement and Bonding

• Arrangement influences stability and bond formation in compounds.

• Ionic compounds: Formed through electron transfer between metals and non-metals.

• Molecular compounds: Formed through shared electrons (covalent bonds).

Periodic Table Insights

• Elements grouped by similar properties; periodic table is essential in predicting reactions.

• Valence electrons dictate chemical bonding behavior; stable arrangements achieved via bonding.

Summary of Key Concepts

• Chemical change involves energy transfer and interaction of atoms.

• Understanding atom structure critical for explaining chemical behavior and reactions.

• Importance of safety practices in handling chemical substances.