Page 1: Course Introduction

Course Details

• Course Title: Intro to Psychology 1030H

• Course Code: PSYC 0304

• Schedule: MWF: 12:40 pm - 1:30 pm

• Instructor: Professor Paul Eugene Moon, PhD

Page 2: Question of the Day

Discussion Prompt

• Question: What is your favorite color, and why do you think it’s your favorite color?

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Page 4: Selective Attention - Binding Problem

Overview of the Binding Problem

• Attention is selective; to understand this, Anne Treisman developed the Feature Integration Theory (FIT).

• Theory Proposal: The visual system processes information in two steps:

  • Preattention Stage

  • Focused Attention Stage

Page 5: Preattention Stage

Characteristics

• In this stage, all information about visual features (shape, orientation, color, curvature) is processed from sensory cues.

• Feature Handling:

  • Features are initially unbound, leading to potential errors in perception.

  • Errors may arise from incorrect conjunction of features.

• Implication: If insufficient time is given to focus, objects may remain in preattention without clearer perception.

Page 6: Focused Attention Stage

Characteristics

• In the focused attention stage, full processing occurs:

  • Mistakes from the preattention stage can lead to illusory conjunctions (misperceiving features).

  • Adequate time allows for improved perception that aligns more closely with actual sensory inputs.

Page 7: Brain Regions Involved

Processing Locations

• Likely occurring in more frontal brain regions.

• Areas like MT (middle temporal) and V4 feed into conscious regions to help process information, but this process is slow and effortful.

• If information remains partial, only fragments are perceived, risking misperception.

Page 8: Types of Neurons

Overview of Neuron Types

• Sensory Neurons: Transmit incoming information (PNS; input).

• Interneurons: Connect and process information (CNS; integration).

• Motor Neurons: Connect to muscle fibers (PNS; output).

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Page 10: Vision Overview

Course Reference

• Instructor: Paul Eugene Moon

• Course Code: PSYC 1030H

• Visual Cue: Thematic representation suggesting DIY LASIK eye surgery (imgflip.com)

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Page 12: Vision Outline

Topic Structure

• Vision - the Stimulus

• Vision - the Receiver

• Visual Perception

• Interactive Exercise: Can you find the mistake?

• Reminder: IT'S LIT

Page 13: Intermission

Page 14: Vision Outline (Revisited)

Topic Structure

• Vision - the Stimulus

• Vision - the Receiver

• Visual Perception

• Interactive Exercise: Can you find the mistake?

• Reminder: IT'S LIT

Page 15: Vision Engagement

Thematic Visuals

• Queries on vision importance and humor: "YOU WILL PAY THE PRICE FOR YOUR LACK OF VISION" and thematic images enhancing engagement.

Page 16: General Sensory Process Overview

Process Description

• Matter or Energy: Influences bodily functions.

• Chemical/Electrical Activity: Occurs within the body and results in the subjective sensation (psychological experience).

• Sequence includes:

  • Physical stimulus

  • Physiological response

  • Sensory experience

Page 17: Properties of Light - Electromagnetic Spectrum

Spectrum Range

• Electromagnetic Spectrum includes:

  • Radio waves

  • Infrared

  • Visible spectrum (400 nm - 700 nm)

  • Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays

• Significance of different wavelengths in human perception.

Page 18: Solar Radiation Spectrum

Energy Distribution

• Visualization of various electromagnetic wave types, highlighting how human perception is limited within a narrow band.

Page 19: National Gallery (Context Unknown)

Page 20: Properties of Light

Key Properties

• Nature of Light: It is energy and part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

• Visible Spectrum: Perceived as luminance; describes how humans experience color.

• Perceptual Conditions: An object must emit or reflect light to be perceived by humans.

Page 21: Sensory Experience in Other Species

Differing Sensitivities

• Other species can perceive wavelengths beyond human capability (e.g., bees can see UV light) impacting their environmental interactions.

Page 22: Night Vision in Animals

Biological Adaptations

• Tapetum: Reflective layer behind the retina in some species aiding in night vision.

Page 23: Human Experience of Light

Impact of Wavelengths

• Specific wavelengths affect mood and cognition (e.g., blue light enhances attention and alertness).

• Wavelengths like reds and yellows have less impact on wakefulness.

Page 24: Recap on Light Perception

Summary Points

• Human visual sensitivity is limited to a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

• Adaptations in other species reflect their environmental needs.

Page 25: Vision Outline (Revisited)

Structure Summary

• Vision - the Stimulus

• Vision - the Receiver

• Visual Perception

• Interactive Exercise Check: Can you find the mistake?

Page 26: Vision Outline (Revisited)

Structure Summary

• Vision - the Stimulus

• Vision - the Receiver

• Visual Perception

• Interactive Exercise Check: Can you find the mistake?

Page 27: Visual System Introduction

Two Objectives of the Eye

• Functionality:

  • Focuses light onto photoreceptors.

  • Collects light information for processing.

• Unique Feature: The eye is the only source of phototransduction in mammals.

Page 28: Collecting Light

Process Description

• Questioning methods through which the eye focuses light energy effectively.

Page 29: Visual System - Focusing Light

Mechanism Overview

• Components involved in focusing light:

  • Anterior Chamber

  • Lens

  • Cornea

  • Posterior Chamber

Page 30: Accommodation Process

Focusing Mechanism

• Elements contributing to accommodation:

  • Ciliary Muscles

  • Pupil Function

  • Lens and Cornea Roles

Page 31: Focus Light Functions

Developing Visual Clarity

• Description of physiological structures:

  • Ciliary Muscles: Impact on focal planes.

• Visual Conditions: Nearsightedness and farsightedness corrected through lens adjustments.

Page 32: Information Collection Techniques

Mechanisms in Depth

• Description on how visual information as light is captured and processed by the eye.

Page 33: Light Spectrum Overview

Spectrum Understanding

• Clarification of how light operates as energy, significant for transduction through our eyes.

Page 34: Receiving Light - Photoreceptors

Types of Photoreceptors

• Rods:

  • Function: Night vision, low light sensitivity, not color-sensitive, distributed in the periphery.

  • Quantity: Approximately 120 million per eye.

• Cones:

  • Function: Day vision, color sensitivity, create detailed images, primarily in fovea.

  • Quantity: Approximately 6 million per eye.

Page 35: Fovea Details

Central Retina Characteristics

• The fovea contains a high concentration of cones, optimizing color vision and detail recognition.

Page 36: Receptor Density Mapping

Density Overview

• Visual representation of rod and cone distribution across the retinal field with measurements per square millimeter.

Page 37: Absorbance by Colors

Cone Response

• Detailed analysis of the relative absorbance of different types of cones based on specific wavelengths of light.

Page 38: Color Vision Theories

Central Theories

• Trichromatic Theory: Proposes the existence of three types of cones, each sensitive to different wavelengths.

• Opponent Process Theory: Suggests perception of color occurs through opposing pairs (blue-yellow, red-green, black-white).

Page 39: Cone Response Visualization

Illustrative Data

• Diagram representing normalized cone responses to various wavelengths, emphasizing color discrimination.

Page 40: Color Blindness Exploration

Overview of Color Blindness

• Discussion on the implications and occurrence of color blindness in individuals based on cone variations.

Page 41: Color Blindness Continuation

Additional Insights

• Further examination of color blindness implications for visual perception.

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Page 44: Media Attribution

Reference

• © BBC/YouTube

Page 45: Media Attribution

Reference

• © BBC/YouTube

Page 46: Media Attribution

Reference

• © BBC/YouTube

Page 47: Visual System - Opponent Process Theory

Color Vision Mechanics

• Color vision neurons excited by some wavelengths while inhibited by others.

Page 48: Combining Theories

Understanding Color Perception

• Relation between the Trichromatic and Opponent Process theories considering multiple cone types.

Page 49: Light Collection Mechanism

Receptive Fields

• Overview of how photoreceptors connect to retinal ganglion cells, enhancing visual detail conveyed.

Page 50: Retinal Structure

Photoreceptor Information Relay

• Diagram indicating connections from photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells.

Page 51: Ganglion Cell Types

Cell Functionality

• On-center and Off-center ganglion cells with responses based on light presence.

Page 52: Surround Light Influence

Visual Processing Mechanism

• Understanding impact of light on center and lateral retinal processing areas.

Page 53: Functions of the Eye

Eye Mechanisms Overview

• Summation of two main functions:

  • Light focusing at the retina

  • Conversion of light into action potentials.

Page 54: Vision Outline (Revisited)

Structural Overview

• Vision - the Stimulus

• Vision - the Receiver

• Visual Perception

  • Inquiry on finding the mistake in graphic.

Page 55: Vision Outline (Revisited)

Structural Overview

• Vision – the Stimulus

• Vision – the Receiver

• Visual Perception

  • Inquiry on finding the mistake in graphic.

Page 56: Visual Perception Overview

Hermann von Helmholtz's Insights

• The scene on the retina differs from perception; perception combines various cues about depth, object features, and motion.

Page 57: Visual Perception Engagement

Encouragement to Organize

• Motivational reminder regarding positive organization during discussions or studies.

Page 58: Processing Methods

Types of Processing

• Bottom-Up Processing: Information flows from sensory input to processing (direct photoreceptor activation).

• Top-Down Processing: Combines perception with higher cognitive functions, involving unconscious processing.

Page 59: Visual Pathways

Two Pathways Overview

• Dorsal Pathway: The "Where" system (involves spatial positioning).

• Ventral Pathway: The "What" system (involves object identification).

Page 60: Object Recognition Theory

Biederman’s Theory

• Recognition by Components: Proposes that humans recognize objects through their geometric components, allowing identification from various perspectives, similar to letter recognition in words.

Page 61: Example Recognitions

Object Recognition Activity

• Listing of various object names exemplifying Biederman’s theory of component recognition.

Page 62: Further Recognition Examples

Object Recognition Activity

• More object names stressing unique recognition abilities.

Page 63: Visual Perception Challenges

Concept of Agnosias

• Examination of perceptual disorders affecting recognition abilities.

Page 64: Face Recognition Mechanisms

Specialized Face Processing

• The Fusiform Face Area specializes in face detection, illustrating our brain's preference for faces.

Page 65: The Thatcher Effect

Face Processing Illustration

• Demonstrates specialized face processing through visual anomalies in image recognitions.

Page 66: The Thatcher Effect (Reiteration)

Face Processing Illustration

• Further emphasis on face recognition anomalies present in visual processing.

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Page 69: Grouping in Perception

Gestalt Principles

• Gestaltism: The ability to see clusters as whole objects is emphasized through various grouping principles, like good form and continuation.

Page 70: Visual Pathways (Revisited)

Dual Stream Overview

• Spatial Awareness: Revisiting understanding of dorsal (where/how) and ventral (what) pathways in vision.

Page 71: Depth Perception Cues

Binocular and Monocular Cues

• Binocular: Disparity between images from each eye helps gauge depth.

• Monocular: Cues like occlusion and relative image sizes assist in depth perception.

Page 72: Judging Dimensions

Depth Information Processing

• Analysis on how background and relative sizes assist in distance judgment for 2D objects.

Page 73: Visual Processing Insights

Awareness of Deceptions

• Cautionary reminder about misleading visual representations.

Page 74: Motion Perception Mechanisms

Dorsal Stream Functions

• Motion Processing: Complex mechanisms process motion, particularly involving area MT.

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Page 77: Motion Aftereffect Concept

Perceptual Phenomenon

• Explanation of Motion Aftereffect (MAE): Illusion of motion in the opposite direction observed after prolonged viewing of moving stimuli.

Page 78: Key Takeaways on Vision

Summary Insights

• Visual experiences differ widely among individuals, influenced by previous cues and experiences.

• Complexity of visual systems, and the spectrum variance affects perception.

• Distinction between dorsal and ventral pathways in processing visual information.

Page 79: Integration of Sensory Inputs

Multisensory Processing

• The human brain integrates inputs across different senses, enhancing overall perception.

Page 80: Multisensory Processing Reiteration

Sensory Integration

• Further emphasis on the integration of sensory systems during perceptual experiences.

Page 81: Synesthesia Phenomenon

Sensory Intermingling

• Discussion around Synesthesia: A condition where one stimulus triggers additional sensory experiences (e.g., letters being perceived in color).

Page 82: Auditory and Color Connection

Experimental Query

• Inquiry into associations between sound frequencies and color perception, referencing relevant studies.

Page 83: Visual Perception Recap

Summarized Insight

• The process of vision involves complex interpretation not limited to direct sensory input but influenced by contextual and experiential factors. Visualization can lead to diverse perceptions, illustrating individual differences in experience.