Psychology Final 

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Psy. Final Exam Study Guide

1. Psychology- the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
2. Wilhelm Wundt- German psychologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened the first psychology research lab in 1879; “Father of Psychology”
3. Humanistic psychology- a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person
4. Edward Titchener-studied under Wilhelm Wundt; created structuralism
5. goals of psychology- observe, describe, explain, predict, control
6. aggression- any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
7. discrimination- unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
8. superordinate goal- higher-level goals taking priority over specific individual or group goals
9. central nervous system- nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord
   10. peripheral nervous system- nerve system that carries information from the central nervous system
   11. hypnic jerk- a muscle twitch in stage one of sleep
   12. learning memory- being able to learn things and remember them
   13. procedural memory- the memory system in charge of the encoding, storage, and retrieval of the procedures that underlie motor or cognitive skills
   14. electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)- 150 volt electrical current is passed through the brain, causes the patient to lose consciousness for a short period of time
   15. REM- “rapid eye movement”; associated with dreaming, the brain is so active during this that it appears as if the person is awake
   16. systematic desensitization- attained by gradually approaching a feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation
   17. health psychology- study of ways in which behavioral principles can be used to prevent illness and promote health
   18. Psychotherapy- treatment techniques that aim to help a person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behavior
   19. psychoanalysis- Freudian therapy that uses the emphasis of free association, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference
   20. catatonic state- disorder that disrupts a person's awareness of the world around them
   21. assimilation- cognitive process in which we take new information and experiences and incorporate them into our pre-existing ideas or viewpoint
   22. Accommodation- the process by which people alter their existing schemas or create new schemas as a result of new learning
   23. personality trait- the things or mannerisms that reflect people’s characteristic patters of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
   24. ERGOT- fungus found in wheat that made people hallucinate when they ate it
   25. DSM-V-book used to help psychologists identity mental disorders
   26. Stanford Binet IQ test- widely used IQ test where items are age ranked and can used for ages 2-90, measures five cognitive factors
   27. average IQ- 100
   28. Independent- the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
   29. dependent variable- the experimental factor that is being measured
   30. positive correlation- a relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease together
   31. negative correlation- as one variable increases, the other decreases
   32. parts of a neuron- dendrite, soma, axon, axon terminal
   33. lobes of brain- occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal
   34. autonomic nervous system- serve the internal organs and glands of the body, heart rate, digestion, perspiration
   35. corpus collusum- section of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres
   36. parenting styles-
       a. permissive; child driven, rarely gives or enforces rules; spoils child to avoid conflict
       b. authoritative; solves problems together with child, sets clear rules and expectations, open communication and natural consequences
       c. neglectful; uninvolved or absent, provides little nurturance or guidance, indifferent to child’s social-emotional and behavioral needs
       d. authoritarian; parent driven, sets strict rules and punishment, one-way communication with little consideration of the child’s social-emotional and behavioral needs
   37. Erikson’s stages-
       a. Trust vs mistrust
       b. Autonomy vs shame and doubt
       c. Initiative vs guilt
       d. Industry vs inferiority
       e. Identity vs role confusion
       f. Intimacy vs isolation
       g. Generativity vs stagnation
       h. Integrity vs despair
   38. levels of moral development
       a. preconventional
       b. conventional
       c. postconventional
   39. types of consciousness
       a. walking consciousness
       b. altered state of consciousness
   40. stages of sleep
       a. one: lose consciousness and enter light sleep, heart rate slows
       b. two: sleep deepens, body temperature drops
       c. three: delta waves appear, they signal deeper sleep and a further loss of consciousness
       d. four: reached in an hour, brain waves are pure delta and people are in a state of oblivion
   41. somnambulist- someone who subconsciously walks in their sleep
   42. Pavlov’s experiment- experiment on dogs where he rang a bell shortly before presenting food to the dogs; this measured the function of the brain of higher animals in their adaption to the external environment
   43. unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that leads to an automatic response
   44. unconditioned response- response that is reflexive and involuntary in nature
   45. conditioned stimulus- stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response
   46. conditioned response- an automatic response established by training to an ordinary neutral stimulus
   47. fixed ratio- a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforce only after a specific number of responses
   48. variable ratio- a schedule of reinforcement where a behavior is reinforced after a random number of responses
   49. positive reinforcement- responses that are followed by a reward, increases probability that behavior will occur again
   50. B.F. Skinner- enforced ideas of positive reinforcement, extinction, negative reinforcement, punishment, time out, and shaping in therapy
   51. 3 processes of memory
       a. Long term memory
       b. Short term memory
       c. Sensory memory
   52. Long Term Memory- information that is meaningful is transferred here and can hold limitless amounts of information
   53. Short Term Memory- holds small amounts of information for short periods of time
   54. Chunking- information bits grouped into larger units
   55. Alfred Binet- the guy who created the first IQ test in search of ways to help struggling children in school
   56. Lewis Terman- developed one of the most widely used psychological assessments in the world (Stanford-Binet revision of 1916)
   57. I Q quotient- level of mental age based on a score from the Stanford-Binet IQ test
   58. Intelligence- the global capacity to think purposefully, rationally, and effectively deal with the environment
   59. savant syndrome- intellectually disabled but can use calendar calculations, usually have specific random niche skills
   60. motivation- process that initiates, sustains, directs, and activates someone to do something
   61. Maslow’s hierarchy- From bottom to top of pyramid
       a. Physiological
       b. Safety
       c. Love and belongingness
       d. Esteem
       e. Self-actualization
   62. Bulimia- normal or above normal weight, binge eating and then feeling bad for it and throwing it all up, can cause tooth erosion, holes in the throat, hair loss, and heart problems
   63. Anorexia- eating disorder where they starve themselves and have a fear of gaining weight of becoming fat, hair falls out, organs may shut down, mensural cycle ends
   64. Freud’s psychosexual stages-
       a. Oral- birth to age 1
       b. Anal- age 1 through 3
       c. Phallic- ages 3 to 6
       d. Latency ages 6 to puberty
       e. Genital
   65. Id- born with it; all about yourself, selfish desires, EROS (life instincts) and THANTOS (death instincts)
   66. Ego- compromiser, reality of situations, rationality
   67. Superego- judge, center, internal parent
   68. Trepanning- boring a hole or holes in the skull to release pressure or evil spirits
   69. Phillipe Pinel- in 1973 he changed the treatment process for the mentally ill, and began the process of humane treatment of patients
   70. Hans Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome- an experiment that proved that the body responds the same way to any stress
       a. G.A.S.
       i. Alarm reaction
       ii. Resistance
       iii. Exhaustion
   71. dissociative disorder- temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization disorders
   72. hallucinations- imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that do not exist in the real world
   73. Schizophrenia- psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, apathy, thinking abnormalities, and split between thoughts and emotions
   74. obsessive compulsive disorder- extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors
   75. delusions- false beliefs that psychotic individuals insist are true, regardless of overwhelming evidence against them
   76. social psychology- the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
   77. Solomon Asch’s experiment- a conformity experiment where the participants judged lines to see which was the longest and the test subjects were pressured to change their answers based upon the answers of everyone else in the group; results showed that the participants would sometimes provide answers they knew to be untrue if it avoided going against the majority of the group (the urge to conform outweighed the desire to provide the correct answer)
   78. Stanley Milgrams experiment- electric shock obedience test; concluded that people obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative, even when acting against their own better judgement and desires
   79. social stereotype- oversimplified images of the traits of individuals who belong to a particular social group
   80. bystander apathy- the idea that people’s willingness to lend help decreases when others are around
   81. stages of brainwashing-
       a. tearing down individual (unfreezing)
       b. rebuilding individual in the way you want to (refreezing)