research article pdf.

Study Overview

Title and Authors

• Title: Habitual Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Consumption, Circulating Metabolites, and the Risk of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity

• Authors: Xujia Lu, Xiaohong Zhu, Guochen Li, Luying Wu, Liping Shao, Yulong Fan, Chen-Wei Pan, Ying Wu, Yan Borné, Chaofu Ke

Context

• Public Health Concern: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM) is increasing globally, significantly affecting healthcare burdens. Up to 2019, over 600 million people suffered from cardiometabolic diseases.

• Definition of CM: Coexistence of at least two conditions: type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke.

• Purpose of Study: Analyze associations between coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption, and the risk of CM and related biological markers.

Methods

Participants

• Sample Size: 172,315 participants for caffeine analysis; 188,091 for coffee and tea analysis (participants free from any cardiometabolic disease at baseline).

• UK Biobank: Extensive cohort study data collected from over 500,000 individuals aged 37 to 73.

Assessments

• Dietary Recall: Utilized a 24-hour dietary recall method to assess consumption of coffee and tea.

• Outcomes Measures: Monitored new-onset T2D, CHD, and stroke through medical records and registries.

Results

Key Findings

• Inverse Associations: Moderate coffee consumption (3 drinks/day) and caffeine intake (200-300 mg/day) associated with lower new-onset CM risk.

• Hazard Ratios: Coffee consumers had HRs of 0.519 and caffeine consumers showed HRs of 0.593 for CM risk compared to non-consumers.

• Metabolite Associations: Identified between 80 to 97 metabolites correlated with coffee, tea, caffeine intake and incident CM, including lipid and amino acid profiles.

Multistate Model Insights

• Showed that moderate consumption helped reduce transitions from a healthy state to single cardiometabolic diseases and subsequently to CM.

Conclusions

Implications

• Moderate Intake Benefits: Coffee and caffeine consumption may protect against the onset of cardiometabolic issues, especially at moderate levels.

• Call for Future Research: Further validation needed on metabolic biomarkers linking caffeinated beverages and cardiometabolic health.

Keywords

• Cardiometabolic multimorbidity, coffee, tea, caffeine, plasma metabolites, UK Biobank.

Methods

Participants

• Sample Size: 172,315 participants for caffeine analysis; 188,091 for coffee and tea analysis (participants free from any cardiometabolic disease at baseline).

• UK Biobank: Extensive cohort study data collected from over 500,000 individuals aged 37 to 73.

Assessments

• Dietary Recall: Utilized a 24-hour dietary recall method to assess consumption of coffee and tea, focusing on habitual intake patterns, including types of coffee and tea consumed, preparation methods, and serving sizes.

• Outcomes Measures: Monitored new-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke through medical records and registries.

Intervention Details

• Intervention: Observational study design (no active intervention or treatment was given); the study focused on participants’ existing coffee and tea consumption habits without altering their dietary patterns.

• Dosage: Moderate coffee consumption defined as approximately 3 drinks per day and caffeine intake ranging from 200-300 mg per day.

• Duration: Participants were followed over a significant period to assess the long-term impacts of their habitual coffee and tea consumption on health outcomes.

• Important Subject Characteristics: Participants included those aged 37 to 73, with data considered for demographic variables such as age, sex, lifestyle factors (e.g., physical activity, smoking status), and other health indicators at baseline to understand their baseline cardiometabolic health status.