com 2 exam

Chapter 7: Gathering Materials

Key Terms

Students should be able to define the following terms from Chapter 7.

• Catalogue - List of books, periodicals, other resources owned by library.

• Abstract - A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

• Bibliography - A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

• Database - A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.

• Sponsoring organization - An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.

Review Question

After reviewing Chapter 7, you should be able to answer the following questions:

1. Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?

•Gives more color to the speech, makes points more meaningful, brings speech to life. 

1. What are five resources for finding what you need in the library?

• Librarians • Catalogue • Reference works • Newspaper & periodical databases • Academic databases 

1. What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet?

• Authorship • Sponsorship • Recency 

1. What are the three stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?

Before interview - define purpose

During interview - listen and take accurate notes 

Afterward - review and transcribe notes as soon as possible 

1. Why is it important to start your speech research early?

It takes longer than you expect, gives plenty of time to think about what you find, the more time you have the more likely the speech will be good. 

1. What is a preliminary bibliography? Why is it helpful to you in researching a speech?

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

1. What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

• Take plenty of notes • Record in consistent format • Make separate entries • Distinguish direct quotations, paraphrases, own ideas

Chapter 8: Supporting Your Ideas

Key Terms

Students should be able to define the following terms from Chapter 8.

• supporting materials - The materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

• Example - A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

• brief example - A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

• extended example - A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

• hypothetical example - An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

• statistics - Numerical data.

• mean - The average value of a group of numbers.

• median - The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Review Questions

After reviewing Chapter 8, you should be able to answer the following questions:

1. Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?

To answer three questions listeners always ask of a speaker, “what do you mean?”, “why should I believe you?”, and “so what?”. 

1. What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use each kind to support your ideas? 

• Brief • Extended • Hypothetical 

1. What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?

• Clarify ideas • Reinforce ideas • Personalize ideas • Make vivid, richly textured • Practice delivery to enhance 

1. Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?

People tell them from the perspective they want to hear, “are the statistics representative?”, “are statistical measures used correctly?”, and “are the statistics from a reliable source?”. 

1. What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

• Use to quantify ideas • Use sparingly • Identify sources • Explain thoroughly • Round off • Use visual aids if needed 

1. What is testimony? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.

- Quotations or paraphrases used to support point - Testimony from recognized experts - Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience, insight. 

1. What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?

• Quote, paraphrase accurately • Use qualified sources • Use unbiased sources • Identify sources

1. What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

• Name of document • Author, sponsoring organization • Qualifications • Date

Chapter 9: Organizing the Body of the Speech

Key Terms

Students should be able to define the following terms from Chapter 9.

• strategic organization - Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

• main points - The major points developed in the body of a speech. 

• chronological order - A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

• spatial order - A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

• causal order - A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship. 

• problem-solution order - A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

• topical order - A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

• Connective - A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them. 

• Transition - A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

• internal preview - A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

• internal summary - A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding point(s)

• signpost - A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

Review Questions

After reading Chapter 9, you should be able to answer the following questions:

1. Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?

Listeners demand coherence, they cannot flip back to a previous page if they have trouble understanding something. 

1. How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speeches?

Most speeches have 2–5, too many main points and the audience will have trouble sorting them out. 

1. What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate for informative speeches? Which is most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often? 

Chronological Order - Main points follow time pattern.

Spatial Order - Main points follow directional pattern.

Causal Order - Main points show cause/effect relationship.

Problem/Solution Order - • First main point: The problem • Second main point: The solution.

Topical Order - Main points divide topic into logical, consistent subtopics.

What are the four kinds of speech connectives? What role does each play in a speech?

• Transition • Internal preview • Internal summary • Signpost 

Chapter 10: Beginning and Ending the Speech

Key Terms

Students should be able to define the following terms from Chapter 10.

• rhetorical question - A question that the audience answers mentally rather than aloud.

• credibility - The audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

• Goodwill - The audience’s perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

• preview statement - A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

• crescendo ending - A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

• dissolve ending - A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

Review Questions

After reviewing chapter 10, you should be able to answer the following questions:

1. What are the four objectives of a speech introduction?

• Gain attention, interest • Reveal topic • Establish credibility, goodwill • Preview body

1. What are eight methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?

• Relate topic to audience • State importance of topic • Startle audience • Arouse curiosity • Question audience • Begin with quotation • Tell story • Use visual aids 

1. Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?

So the listeners trust you. 

1. What is a preview statement? - A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

2. What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?

• Signal end of speech • Reinforce central idea

1. What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech

• Summarize speech • End with quotation • Make dramatic statement • Refer to intro

Chapter 11: Outlining the Speech

Key Terms

Students should be able to define the following terms from Chapter 11.

• Preparation outline - A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

• Visual Framework - The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker’s ideas.

• Bibliography - A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.

• Speaking outline - A brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech.

• Delivery cues - Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.

Review Question

After reviewing Chapter 11, you should be able to answer the following questions: 

1. Why is it important to outline your speeches?

its essential for effective speeches, helps make sure that related items are together, ideas flow from one to another, and that the structure of the speech with stand u

1. What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in this chapter for writing a preparation outline?

Detailed outline developed during speech preparation 

1. State the specific purpose of ur speech

2. identify the central idea

3. label the info, body, conclusion.

4. use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation 

5. state main points and sub-points in full sentences 

6. label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews.

7. attach a bibliography 

8. give ur speech a title if one is desired

1. What is a speaking outline? What are the four guidelines for your speaking outline?

a brief outline used during the presentation of a speech 

1. use visual framework on preparation outline 

2. make legible 

3. keep brief 

4. include delivery cue

Chapter 13: Delivering the Speech

Key Terms

Students should be able to define the following terms from Chapter 13.

• nonverbal communication -Communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

• manuscript speech -A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

• impromptu speech -A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

• extemporaneous speech -A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

• conversational quality -Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

• volume -The loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice.

• inflections -Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice.

• rate -The speed at which a person speaks.

• vocalized pause -A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh,” “er,” and “um.”

• vocal variety -Changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.

• pronunciation -The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

• articulation -The physical production of particular speech sounds.

• dialect -A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

• gestures -Motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech.

• eye contact -Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

Review Questions

 After reviewing chapter 13, students should be able to answer the following questions: 

1. What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important for effective public speaking?

Communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words. 

1. What are the elements of good speech delivery?

Conveys speakers ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience. 

1. What are the four methods of speech delivery?

• Manuscript • Memory • Impromptu • Extemporaneous

1. What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?

• Volume • Pitch • Rate • Pauses • Vocal variety • Pronunciation • Articulation • Dialect 

1. What are four aspects of bodily action you should concentrate on in your speeches?

• Personal appearance • Movement • Gestures • Eye contact

1. What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?

• Go through prep. outline aloud • Prepare speaking outline • Practice speech aloud • Polish, refine delivery • Give dress rehearsal