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1. Introduction to Cybersecurity

• Session Overview

  • Introduction to fundamental concepts and practices in cybersecurity.

2. What is Cybersecurity?

• Definition

  • Practice of protecting systems, networks, and data from attacks.

• Importance

  • Ensures trust in digital interactions.

  • Essential for sectors like online banking and e-commerce.

3. Cybersecurity vs Information Security vs IT Security

• Cybersecurity

  • Concentrates on digital threats.

• Information Security

  • Encompasses both physical and digital information protection.

• IT Security

  • Focus on protecting technical infrastructure and networks.

4. The CIA Triad

• Confidentiality

  • Ensures data is accessible only to authorized users.

• Integrity

  • Protects the accuracy and reliability of data.

• Availability

  • Ensures access to information and resources when needed.

5. Confidentiality

• Definition

  • Sensitive information should only be accessible to authorized individuals.

• Methods

  • Encryption methods (e.g., AES, RSA).

  • Access controls (passwords, biometrics).

6. Integrity

• Definition

  • Protects data from unauthorized modification.

• Methods

  • Hashing (e.g., SHA-256).

  • Digital signatures for data verification.

7. Hashing

• Functionality

  • Generates a fixed-size output (hash value) from input data.

  • Modifications to the original data result in different hash values, indicating tampering.

• Common Algorithms

  • SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 (less secure).

• Verification

  • Hashes need to be verifiable on both sender and receiver ends.

8. Digital Signatures

• Purpose

  • Validates the sender's identity and ensures data integrity.

• Implementation

  • Uses Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) with certificates from trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs).

9. Access Control Mechanisms

• Purpose

  • Restricts who can modify or delete data.

• Methods

  • Role-Based Access Control (RBAC).

  • Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC).

• Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP)

  • Ensures individuals have only the access necessary for their job functions.

10. Audit Trails and Logging

• Functionality

  • Records system changes and actions to maintain an audit trail.

• Maintaining Logs

  • Use tools like Splunk or ELK stack for tamper-proof logs.

  • Regular reviews for anomalies to detect unauthorized actions.

11. Version Control

• Purpose

  • Tracks changes to files and systems to prevent issues.

• Tools

  • Git, SVN, enterprise version control systems.

• Process

  • Implement code reviews and approvals for every change.

12. Integrity Monitoring Tools

• Functionality

  • Automated tools detect unexpected changes in files or systems.

• Examples

  • Tools like Tripwire or OSSEC.

• Setup Alerts

  • Notify administrators about changes in critical system files.

13. Backup and Recovery

• Functionality

  • Maintains copies of data for recovery purposes.

• Backup Strategies

  • Regular incremental and full backups.

  • Store backups securely offsite and test restoration processes regularly.

14. Secure Transmission Protocols

• Purpose

  • Ensures data integrity during transfer.

• Protocols

  • Use TLS, HTTPS, or SFTP for encryption.

• Verify Data

  • Utilize checksums or hashes during transmission.

15. Redundancy and Failover Systems

• Functionality

  • Use multiple systems to mitigate inconsistency risks.

• Implementation

  • Deploy redundant databases or systems.

  • Utilize quorum-based mechanisms for distributed systems.

16. Key Practices

• Staff Education

  • Employees must be educated on maintaining integrity and avoiding errors.

• Regular Updates

  • Keep systems updated and patched regularly.

• Integrity Checks

  • Perform integrity checks during audits and penetration testing.

17. Availability

• Definition

  • Ensures systems are accessible when needed.

• Methods

  • Utilize backups and redundancy strategies.

  • Maintain disaster recovery plans to restore operations promptly.

18. Redundant Systems and Failover Mechanisms

• Implementation Steps

  • Deploy backup servers and storage for redundancy.

  • Set up automatic failover systems to switch to a backup during outages.

  • Use load balancers to balance traffic across multiple servers.

19. DDoS Protection

• Definition

  • Mitigation strategies to prevent overwhelming systems with traffic.

• Implementation Steps

  • Utilize DDoS protection services such as Cloudflare or AWS Shield.

  • Configure rate-limiting and traffic filtering at the network level.

  • Deploy IDS/IPS systems for additional monitoring and protection.

20. Regular Maintenance and Patch Management

• Purpose

  • Keeping systems updated and optimized helps prevent failures.

• Implementation Steps

  • Apply patches for operating systems, applications, and hardware.

  • Conduct routine hardware and software maintenance checks.

  • Utilize monitoring tools like Nagios or SolarWinds to oversee system health.

21. Backup and Disaster Recovery

• Purpose

  • Ensure data and services can be restored post-failure or cyber-attack.

• Implementation Steps

  • Carry out regular backups, both incremental and full.

  • Test and validate disaster recovery plans thoroughly to ensure swift restoration.

  • Store backups in secure, geographically diverse locations.

22. High-Availability Architectures

• Definition

  • Designing systems to minimize downtime while maximizing uptime.

• Implementation Steps

  • Create high-availability clusters that can auto-restart or replace failed components.

  • Utilize RAID technologies for storage redundancy.

  • Ensure systems are designed to avoid single points of failure.

23. Scalable Infrastructure

• Definition

  • Systems must be capable of handling increased load or demand efficiently.

• Implementation Steps

  • Implement cloud services that offer auto-scaling functionalities (e.g., AWS, Azure).

  • Actively monitor resource usage to adjust capacity proactively.

  • Employ containerized architectures like Kubernetes or Docker for enhanced flexibility.

24. Network Resilience

• Definition

  • Protecting network connections to ensure ongoing service availability.

• Implementation Steps

  • Utilize multiple ISPs to guarantee redundancy in service.

  • Implement strong firewall and VPN solutions for secure access.

  • Segment networks to isolate failures and minimize impact effectively.

25. Access Control and Monitoring

• Definition

  • Limiting and monitoring access to resources helps avoid disruptions.

• Implementation Steps

  • Employ role-based or attribute-based access control.

  • Monitor user activity and system performance to detect anomalies.

  • Quickly identify and respond to unauthorized access attempts in real-time.

26. Incident Response Planning

• Definition

  • Preparing for and responding effectively to disruptions.

• Implementation Steps

  • Develop and regularly test incident response plans.

  • Train staff on how to handle various cybersecurity incidents effectively.

  • Establish communication protocols for informing stakeholders during outages.

27. Environmental Controls

• Definition

  • Protecting physical infrastructure from environmental hazards.

• Implementation Steps

  • Ensure data centers have backup power sources such as UPS or generators.

  • Maintain appropriate cooling and humidity levels for sensitive hardware.

  • Utilize fire suppression systems and flood protection mechanisms.

28. Key Practices for Network Security

• Continuous Monitoring

  • Monitor systems 24/7 to identify and address security issues promptly.

• Implement SLAs

  • Define uptime requirements and availability expectations through service level agreements.

• Regular Audits

  • Conduct periodic audits to ensure compliance with established availability standards.

29. Target Breach Case Study (2013)

• Description of Incident

  • Hackers accessed Target’s network through a third-party vendor.

• Impact on the CIA Triad

  • Confidentiality: Sensitive data was exposed and stolen.

  • Integrity: Customer trust in Target's systems suffered significantly.

  • Availability: Disruption of services during recovery efforts compromised system access.

30. Recap and Q&A

• Summary

  • Key points covered: Cybersecurity importance, definition, and the CIA Triad principles.

• Example Scenario

  • Consider how a new employee's accidental sharing of a confidential database over email might be managed using CIA Triad principles.

31. Introduction to Security Attacks

• Definition of Security Attacks

  • Deliberate attempts to breach the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information systems.

• Key Objectives

  • Exploit vulnerabilities, disrupt operations, and steal sensitive information.

32. Phishing Attacks

• Definition

  • Fraudulent attempts to acquire sensitive information by masquerading as a trusted entity.

• Examples

  • Fake emails requesting credentials or including malicious links.

• Mitigation Strategies

  • Educate users on identifying phishing attempts.

  • Deploy email filtering and anti-phishing technologies.

33. Malware Attacks

• Definition

  • Malicious software intended to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to systems.

• Types

  • Viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware.

• Mitigation Strategies

  • Keep antivirus and anti-malware tools updated.

  • Regularly patch systems and conduct software updates.

34. Denial of Service (DoS) and DDoS Attacks

• Definition

  • Overwhelm systems with excessive traffic, rendering them unavailable to legitimate users.

• Examples and Mitigation

  • Utilize DDoS protection services and rate-limiting strategies at the network level.

  • Implement intrusion detection and prevention systems.

35. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks

• Definition

  • Intercepting and altering communication between two parties.

• Examples

  • Eavesdropping on unsecured Wi-Fi networks.

• Mitigation Strategies

  • Use encryption methods like HTTPS and VPNs.

  • Implement strong authentication methods.

36. SQL Injection Attacks

• Definition

  • Exploiting vulnerabilities in databases through malicious SQL code.

• Examples

  • Extracting sensitive data via crafted SQL queries.

• Mitigation Strategies

  • Use input validation and parameterized queries.

  • Employ web application firewalls (WAFs).

37. Password Attacks

• Definition

  • Attempts to compromise user passwords to gain unauthorized system access.

• Types

  • Brute force, dictionary attacks, credential stuffing.

• Mitigation Strategies

  • Enforce strong password policies and implement multi-factor authentication (MFA).

38. Insider Threats

• Definition

  • Threats originating from individuals within an organization.

• Examples

  • Disgruntled employees leaking sensitive data.

• Mitigation Strategies

  • Monitor user activity and enforce role-based access limitations.

39. Zero-Day Exploits

• Definition

  • Exploiting vulnerabilities unknown to the vendor or the public.

• Examples

  • Attacks performed before software patches are available.

• Mitigation Strategies

  • Utilize threat intelligence tools and maintain regular updates of systems.

40. Key Practices for Attacking Mitigation

• Security Awareness Training

  • Regularly conduct training sessions to educate users about identified threats.

• Multi-Layered Security

  • Implement multiple security measures to safeguard systems.

• Continuous Monitoring

  • Monitor user activities for signs of unusual behavior.

• Regular Vulnerability Assessments

  • Conduct vulnerability assessments and penetration tests to identify potential risks.

41. Conclusion

• Key Takeaway

  • Understanding and mitigating security threats is vital for protecting sensitive data and information systems.

42. Cybersecurity in Financial Services

• Importance

  • Financial institutions handle sensitive data such as account details and transactions.

• Consequences of Cyberattacks

  • Financial loss, reputational damage, and legal ramifications.

• Real-World Example

  • 2016 Bangladesh Bank heist where $81 million was stolen due to cybersecurity lapses.

43. Cybersecurity Challenges in Financial Services

• Key Challenges

  • Increasing sophistication of cyber threats, insider risks, complex IT infrastructures, and stringent compliance regulations.

44. Common Cyber Threats in Financial Services

• Types of Threats

  • Phishing targeting bank customers, malware/ransomware attacks, and DDoS attacks disrupting banking services.

• Examples

  • 2020 DDoS attacks on New Zealand’s stock exchange, 2019 Capital One breach exposing 106 million records, and 2021 Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack.

45. Approaches to Cybersecurity Management

• Frameworks

  • Governance-Risk-Compliance (GRC), NIST cybersecurity framework, ISO/IEC 27001, and strategic planning mechanisms.

• Contingency Planning

  • Important part of the cybersecurity management approach.

46. Key Cybersecurity Measures

1. Encryption - Protect data in transit and at rest.

2. Two-Factor Authentication - Enhance user access security.

3. Network Monitoring - Detect anomalies in real-time.

4. Incident Response Plans - Mitigate breach impacts.

47. Regulatory Framework for Cybersecurity

1. GDPR - Data privacy regulations within the EU impose heavy penalties for non-compliance.

2. GLBA - US regulations for safeguarding customer information in financial institutions.

3. Local Guidelines - RBI Cybersecurity frameworks for Indian banks.

48. Key Regulatory Requirements

• Essentials

  • Risk assessments, audits, data protection compliance, and obligation for breach reporting.

• Discussion

  • The influence of global regulations on cybersecurity practices in multinational banks.

49. Ransomware Attack Case Study

• Incident Description

  • A financial institution faced ransomware encryption of sensitive data, leading to ransom paid and damage to trust.

• Discussion Questions

  • Possible prevention methods and applicable regulations.

50. Bangladesh Bank Heist 2016

• Event Overview

  • Exploitation of vulnerabilities in SWIFT payment system led to $81 million theft.

• Failures Identified

  • Weak authentication measures and lack of transaction monitoring.

• Lessons to Implement

  • Importance of robust two-factor authentication and continuous transaction monitoring.

51. Conclusion on Cybersecurity in Financial Services

• Overall Summary

  • Cybersecurity is crucial for financial systems. Compliance with regulations is essential to avoid consequences, and proactive measures are vital for continuous improvement.

52. Authentication & Access Control

• Multifactor Authentication

  • Combining various authentication methods enhances security.

• Two Forms of Authentication

  • Requires strong and unique credentials, yet may increase user burden.

53. Secure Authentication Techniques

• Methods including passwords, biometrics, and authentication tokens.

• Security is not guaranteed by simply using various factors; understanding threats is vital.

54. Access Control Strategies

• Protecting Resources

  • Access control limits who can access and how. Proper policies inform ability to identify secure vs. open accesses.

55. Access Control Policies

• Mechanics

  • Mechanically implemented access control involves defining permissions per user and resource.

• Developing Security Policies

  • Organizations must establish control frameworks before enforcing access rules.

56. Effective Policy Implementation

• Goals

  • Validate every access attempt, enforce least privilege for subjects, and determine proper usage of each request.

57. Tracking and Monitoring Access

• Administrators need to verify and audit access control issues regularly.

• Appropriate monitoring helps assess user access rights over time.

58. Granularity of Access Control

• Definition

  • Fineness in permissions allowing for specific detailing in rights allocation.

59. Access Logs and Audit Trails

• Functionality

  • Systems track access actions to maintain records of all performed actions.

• Helps identify misuse and assist in responding to incidents.

60. Limited Privilege Concept

• Objective

  • Restrict potential user harm while maintaining necessary accessibility.

• Managing users’ privileges to minimize possible exploitation.

61. Authentication Based on Biometrics

• Utilization

  • Biometrics use physical traits for secure authentication, less susceptible to loss or forgery.

62. Biometric Systems and Their Challenges

• Advantages

  • Unique and hard to replicate traits enhance security.

• Failures and Acceptance Rates

  • False positives and negatives challenge user reliability.

63. Token-Based Authentication

• Definition

  • Leverages physical tokens, such as access cards or computer chips, to grant access. Widely utilized in various applications.

64. Federated Identity Management

• Description

  • Streamlines user authentication across multiple systems through single sign-on procedures, enhancing usability without sacrificing security.

65. Understanding Authentication Concepts

• Definitions

  • Identification and authentication are vital for confirming authorized access.

66. The Three Factors of Authentication

1. Knowledge - Something the user knows (e.g., password, PIN).

2. Possession - Something the user has (e.g., ID badge).

3. Inherence - Something the user is (e.g., biometric data).

67. Recommendations for Strong Passwords and Practices

• Password Tips

  • Use complex passwords, avoid dictionary words, change regularly, and keep passwords secure.

68. Challenges in Authentication

• Issues like password fatigue and vulnerability to multiple attack vectors necessitate implementing layered security solutions.

69. Access Control Overview

• Systems Design

  • Operate on established policies that define the user-object relation in accessing resources.

70. Role of Operating Systems in Access Control

• Limitations

  • OS struggle to enforce fine-grained access controls leading to permission loopholes.

71. Reference Monitor Concept

• Introduction

  • System for verifying every access to resources, maintaining rigorous security measures.

72. Access Control Directory and Its Issues

• Directory Models

  • Use of a directory for access control can lead to complexity in large systems and complications in permission revocation.

73. Access Control Matrix Overview

• Definition

  • Represents access rights in a structured table format, detailing subject-object relationships.

74. Access Control List (ACL) Advantages

• Advantages

  • Efficiently manages shared resources while delivering explicit access permissions.

• Key Features

  • Default permissions, flexibility with wildcards, and centralized access management.

75. Introduction to Access Control

• Objective

  • Control resource access, ensuring protections for sensitive data in organizations.

76. Procedure-Oriented Access Control

• Characteristics

  • Managed through strict procedures, often in legacy systems and business workflows.

77. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

• Definition

  • Granting permissions based on roles within the organization rather than individual user settings.

78. Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities

• Definition

  • Occurs when data exceeds buffer limits, exploitable for unauthorized memory access.

79. Types of Buffer Overflow

1. Stack-Based Overflow - Manipulates function return addresses within the stack.

2. Heap-Based Overflow - Attacks dynamic memory allocation.

80. Consequences of Buffer Overflow

• Results in unauthorized access execution, escalated privileges, system crashes, or DoS incidents.

81. Real-World Examples of Buffer Overflow

• Key incidents that exploited buffer overflows include the Morris worm and Heartbleed attack.

82. Countermeasures for Buffer Overflow

• Implement code safety measures such as bounds checking and utilizing safe coding practices.

83. Fundamentals of Cryptography

• Definition

  • Processes for securing data through encryption, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity.

84. Encryption Concepts in Cryptography

• Types

1. Symmetric - Single key for both encryption & decryption operations.

2. Asymmetric - Public/private key pair for enhanced security.

85. Cryptanalysis Importance

• Definition

  • The study of breaking encryption methods to reveal hidden data or assess cryptographic strengths.

86. Work Factor in Cryptography

• Definition

  • The effort required to successfully break an encryption system. Security is measured against this factor.

87. Smart Cryptanalysis Techniques

• Methods

  • Incorporate intelligent strategies rather than pure brute-force to breach encryption.

88. Protecting Against Security Threats

• Best Practices

  • Continually update cryptographic methods to counter advances in cyber threats.

89. Understanding Time-of-Check to Time-of-Use Vulnerabilities

• Definition

  • Gaps between checks and actual usage creating potential security weaknesses.

90. Key Patterns to Identify TOCTTOU Issues

• Identification

  • Recognize potential vulnerabilities in systems assessing time gaps between authorization and access actions.

91. Conclusion on TOCTTOU Security Flaws

• Summary

  • The importance of understanding and addressing TOCTTOU vulnerabilities within security frameworks.