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Here’s a set of flashcards based on the key points and formation of coastal landforms from your document:

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### Flashcard 1: Coastal Processes

Q: What are the key factors influencing coastal processes?

A: Coastal processes are influenced by waves, tides, and currents. Tides determine wave height and depth, while waves erode, transport, and deposit materials.

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### Flashcard 2: Types of Waves

Q: How do constructive and destructive waves differ?

A:

- Constructive Waves: Low frequency, long wavelength, deposit material, form sandy beaches.

- Destructive Waves: High frequency, steep gradient, erode material, form shingle beaches.

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### Flashcard 3: Marine Erosion Processes

Q: What are the main processes of marine erosion?

A:

- Hydraulic Action: Water forces air into cracks, creating pressure.

- Abrasion: Sand and pebbles grind against rocks.

- Attrition: Material collides, breaking into smaller pieces.

- Corrosion: Chemical reactions dissolve rock.

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### Flashcard 4: Longshore Drift

Q: What is longshore drift?

A: Sediment transportation along the coast in a zig-zag pattern, caused by swash moving material up the beach at an angle and backwash returning it at 90°.

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### Flashcard 5: Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms

Q: How are cliffs and wave-cut platforms formed?

A:

1. Erosion at the base creates a wave-cut notch.

2. Undercutting causes the cliff to collapse.

3. Debris is removed by backwash, exposing a wave-cut platform.

4. The cliff retreats over time.

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### Flashcard 6: Headlands and Bays

Q: How do headlands and bays form?

A:

- Formed on discordant coastlines where alternating hard (resistant) and soft (less resistant) rocks exist.

- Soft rock erodes to form bays, while hard rock remains as headlands.

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### Flashcard 7: Caves, Arches, Stacks, and Stumps

Q: Outline the formation process of a cave, arch, stack, and stump.

A:

1. Cave: Waves exploit cracks in a headland through erosion.

2. Arch: The cave enlarges and breaks through.

3. Stack: The arch collapses, leaving an isolated column.

4. Stump: The stack erodes and collapses into a stump.

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### Flashcard 8: Beaches

Q: How are beaches formed?

A: Formed in sheltered areas like bays by constructive waves depositing sand or shingle. Strong swash deposits material; weak backwash removes smaller particles.

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### Flashcard 9: Spits

Q: What are spits, and how do they form?

A:

- A spit is a long, narrow stretch of sand or shingle extending into the sea.

- Formed by longshore drift depositing material where the coastline changes direction or at river mouths.

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### Flashcard 10: Bars and Lagoons

Q: How do bars and lagoons form?

A:

- Bar: When a spit grows across a bay, joining two headlands.

- Lagoon: A body of water trapped behind a bar.

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### Flashcard 11: Tombolos

Q: What is a tombolo?

A: A depositional landform where a spit connects the mainland to an island, e.g., Chesil Beach in Dorset.

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### Flashcard 12: Sand Dunes

Q: What are the stages of sand dune formation?

A:

1. Embryo Dunes: Sand accumulates against obstacles.

2. Fore Dunes: Stabilized by Marram Grass.

3. Yellow Dunes: Organic material darkens the sand.

4. Grey Dunes: Increased stability and biodiversity.

5. Mature Dunes: Fully stabilized, support climax vegetation.

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### Flashcard 13: Coral Reefs

Q: What are the three types of coral reefs?

A:

- Fringing Reefs: Directly attached to the shore.

- Barrier Reefs: Separated from land by a lagoon.

- Atolls: Circular reefs with a central lagoon.

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### Flashcard 14: Coastal Management

Q: What are examples of hard and soft engineering techniques?

A:

- Hard Engineering: Sea walls, groynes, rip-rap, and breakwaters.

- Soft Engineering: Beach nourishment, dune stabilization, and marshland creation.

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Let me know if you'd like additional details or more flashcards!