APUSH Chapter 21

• Red Scare: Large public fear of Bolshevism in 1919-20 after hearing about the Russian revolution. Happened after increased union participation and strakes in groups such as IWW

• Palmer Raids: Palmer set up antiradicalism div in Justice dept, raided radical organizations and arrested many with radical beleifs unjustly. Very oppressive. Peaked in Jan 1920 with 6,000 arrested

• Red Summer: Race riots in 24 cities across US in 1919, targeted blacks. Caused 120 deaths overall

• American Plan: Stance by many employers to completely refuse negotiation with unions. Followed wave of strikes in 1919.

• Welfare capitalism: Idea that it was employers’ duty to ensure wellbeing of workers. Took place of unions. Fair wages, health insurance, vacations, pensions. Championed by Ford

• Dollar diplomacy: US practice of giving predatory loans to Latin American countries and then using military force to force repayment. Backed by racist sterotypes.

• Associated state: Hoover’s idea that businesses would voluntarily cooperate with government and work together

• Teapot Dome: Scandal involving Harding’s Sec of Interior Albert Fall where he leased government oil reserves secretly in Teapot Dome, Wyoming; Elk Hills, California

• Consumer credit: Emerging practice that encouraged people to fall into debt by borrowing to pay for purchases, often unnecessary ones.

• Hollywood: Known as movie capital of world by 1920. Represented consumerism of 20s. Major studios run by Eastern European immigrants

• Flapper: New Hollywood idea of women created by Clara Bow, showed more freedom, wearing loser clotheres, smoking, wearing makeup. Embodied by many younger gen women

• Soft Power: US influencing the world through media and popular culture

• Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act: (1921) Provided federal funding for clinics, prenatal education programs, visiting nurses. -> great reduction in infant mortality. First time fed funds given to states to administer for social wellfare

• Eighteenth Amendment: (1917, ratified by states in Jan 1920) Prohibition, campaigned by WCTU and Anti-Saloon League

• Volstead Act: (1920) Enforced 18th amendment, prohibited “manufacture, sale, or transportation of alc.” Only sale was illegal, not posession  

• American Civil Liberties union (ACLU): Body formed during Red Scare to protect American free speech, defended Scopes in the Scopes Trial 

• Scopes Trial: (1925) Dubbed “Monkey Trial,” prosection of history teacher for teaching evolutionary origin theory after Tenessee state leg. Outlawed teaching anything but biblical origin.

• National Origins Act: (1924) Ensured that a country’s immigration into the US could not exceed more than 2% of that nationality’s numbers in the US in 1890 -> Rise in Nativism

• Ku Klux Klan: Surged in popularity in 1920s, extended their racism to Jews and Catholic immigrants too. Recurited across country with motto “Native, white. Protestant supremacy”

• Harlem Renaissance: Flourishing of arts in Harlem, NYC where Great Migration tripled black population. Famous figures: Claude McKayu, Jean Toomer, Langston Huges, Louis Armstrong

• Jazz: Form of black music that compbined blues and ragtime. Louis Armstrong became face of Jazz movement. Jazz records led to boom in recording industry and explosion of “race records” targetting urban, working African Americans

• Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA): Rose in the 1920s under Marcus Garvey, called for Black Nationalisms and African Americans to return to Africa. Arreseted and deported for mail fraud when established black star line.

pan-Africanism: Idea that African people around world have common destiny and should work together politically to achieve cultural goals