HIST 222 Final Exam Study Guide

Here’s a set of flashcards based on the terms you provided:

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Flashcard 1

Term: Articles of Confederation

Definition: The first constitution of the United States (1781-1789), creating a weak central government with limited powers, including no power to tax or regulate trade. It was replaced by the U.S. Constitution due to its ineffectiveness.

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Flashcard 2

Term: Shays' Rebellion

Definition: An armed uprising (1786-1787) led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts, protesting economic injustices. It revealed weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and led to calls for a stronger central government.

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Flashcard 3

Term: Constitutional Convention

Definition: A 1787 meeting in Philadelphia where delegates drafted the U.S. Constitution, addressing issues like government structure, representation, and individual rights.

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Flashcard 4

Term: Federalism & Division of Powers

Definition: Federalism is the sharing of power between national and state governments. The division of powers allocates different responsibilities to the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.

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Flashcard 5

Term: Checks and Balances

Definition: A system in the U.S. Constitution that allows each branch of government (executive, legislative, judicial) to limit the powers of the other branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

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Flashcard 6

Term: 3/5 Clause

Definition: A compromise in the U.S. Constitution that counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation and taxation, reflecting the South’s desire for more political power.

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Flashcard 7

Term: Federalists vs. Republicans (Economic Policy, Foreign Policy, etc.)

Definition: Federalists, led by Hamilton, favored a strong central government and close ties with Britain. Republicans, led by Jefferson, advocated for states' rights, an agrarian economy, and stronger ties with France.

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Flashcard 8

Term: First "Party" System

Definition: The emergence of the Federalists and Republicans as the first political parties in the U.S., driven by differing views on government power, economic policy, and foreign relations.

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Flashcard 9

Term: The "Quasi War"

Definition: An undeclared naval conflict (1798-1800) between the U.S. and France, stemming from tensions over French interference with American shipping and U.S. neutrality.

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Flashcard 10

Term: Alien & Sedition Acts

Definition: Laws passed in 1798 targeting immigrants (Alien Acts) and restricting freedom of speech (Sedition Acts) to suppress political opposition, especially Republicans.

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Flashcard 11

Term: Virginia & Kentucky Resolves

Definition: Statements written by Jefferson and Madison in 1798 asserting that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

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Flashcard 12

Term: "Revolution" of 1800

Definition: The peaceful transition of power from the Federalists to the Republicans with the election of Thomas Jefferson, marking the first nonviolent political shift in U.S. history.

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Flashcard 13

Term: Market Revolution

Definition: A period of rapid economic transformation in the early 19th century, driven by improvements in transportation (canals, railroads), communication (telegraph), and a shift to commercial agriculture and factory production.

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Flashcard 14

Term: Manifest Destiny

Definition: The 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined by God to expand its territory across North America, justifying territorial expansion and the removal of Native Americans.

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Flashcard 15

Term: Missouri Compromise (1820)

Definition: An agreement to balance slave and free states, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while prohibiting slavery north of the 36°30' latitude.

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Flashcard 16

Term: Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Definition: A war between the U.S. and Mexico triggered by territorial disputes, leading to the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and the U.S. acquisition of California and the Southwest.

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Flashcard 17

Term: Compromise of 1850

Definition: A series of laws to address slavery in newly acquired territories, including the Fugitive Slave Act and the introduction of popular sovereignty in some areas to decide whether to allow slavery.

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Flashcard 18

Term: Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Definition: A law that allowed Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide whether to permit slavery through popular sovereignty, leading to violent conflict known as “Bleeding Kansas.”

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Flashcard 19

Term: Civil War (1861-1865)

Definition: A conflict between the Union and Confederacy primarily over slavery, which resulted in the abolition of slavery and significant changes in U.S. society and governance.

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Flashcard 20

Term: Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Definition: The period after the Civil War during which Southern states were reintegrated into the Union, focusing on civil rights for freed slaves and rebuilding the South’s economy.

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Flashcard 21

Term: Problems with the Articles of Confederation

Definition: The Articles created a weak central government that lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws, leading to economic instability and difficulties with foreign relations.

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Flashcard 22

Term: Elitists' Reactions to Shays' Rebellion

Definition: Elites feared Shays' Rebellion represented a breakdown in social order, which contributed to the push for a stronger central government at the Constitutional Convention.

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Flashcard 23

Term: Major Issues at the Constitutional Convention

Definition: Key issues included representation (resolved by the Great Compromise), the powers of the executive (resolved by the creation of the presidency), and the protection of slavery (e.g., 3/5 Clause).

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Flashcard 24

Term: Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency

Definition: Jefferson's presidency (1801-1809) emphasized limited government, agrarianism, and states' rights. Notable achievements include the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

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Flashcard 25

Term: Causes and Effects of the Market Revolution

Definition: Driven by technological innovations and transportation improvements, the Market Revolution transformed the U.S. economy from subsistence farming to a market-driven one, increasing industrialization and urbanization.

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Flashcard 26

Term: Artisan vs. Factory Systems

Definition: The artisan system involved skilled labor and small-scale production, while the factory system involved mass production with unskilled labor and division of tasks, often under harsh conditions.

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Flashcard 27

Term: Democratization of Politics in the Early 19th Century

Definition: The expansion of suffrage to all white men and the rise of political parties increased political participation, leading to more populist movements and greater emphasis on the "common man."

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Flashcard 28

Term: Andrew Jackson’s Presidency

Definition: Jackson’s presidency (1829-1837) was marked by populism, Indian removal, and opposition to the Bank of the United States, advocating for a stronger role of the presidency and the "common man" in politics.

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Flashcard 29

Term: Women’s Reform Activism in the Early 19th Century

Definition: Middle-class women became active in social reforms like abolition, temperance, and moral reforms, driven by a sense of social responsibility and desire to influence public life beyond the home.

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Flashcard 30

Term: Causes of the Radicalization of Abolition

Definition: The escalation of violence over slavery, including events like “Bleeding Kansas,” pushed abolitionists toward more radical demands for immediate emancipation and equal rights.

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Flashcard 31

Term: Women Reformers and Abolition

Definition: Women like Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sojourner Truth, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were key figures in abolition, addressing the intersection of race, gender, and oppression in their activism.

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Flashcard 32

Term: Westward Expansion and Slavery Tensions

Definition: As the U.S. expanded westward, debates over whether new territories should permit slavery intensified, contributing to sectional tensions and the eventual outbreak of the Civil War.

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