APUSH pt 2

Here’s an easy-to-understand definition for each of the terms you listed:

Early Colonization and Exchange

1. Columbian Exchange: The exchange of goods, plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus's voyages.

2. Native Americans pre and post Columbian Exchange: Before the Columbian Exchange, Native Americans lived in diverse societies with unique cultures. After, they faced population declines due to diseases and cultural disruptions.

3. Spanish Colonization: Spain's efforts to conquer and settle parts of the Americas, focusing on converting natives and exploiting resources.

4. Encomienda System: A Spanish system where settlers were given land and could force Native Americans to work, in exchange for converting them to Christianity.

5. European Colonization: Efforts by European countries like Spain, France, and England to settle the Americas for resources, power, and land.

Regional and Colonial Differences

6. French and Fur: The French traded fur with Native Americans, especially in Canada and along the Mississippi River.

7. English and 13 Colonies: English settlements on the East Coast, divided into New England, Middle, and Southern regions.

8. Atlantic Slave Trade: The forced transportation of Africans to work in the Americas, especially on plantations.

9. 13 Colonies: Divided into three regions:

   • North/New England: Trade, fishing, and small farms.

   • Middle: Farming and trade, diverse populations.

   • South: Plantations and slavery for tobacco, rice, and cotton.

Religion and Early Conflict

10. 1st Great Awakening: A religious revival in the 1730s–1740s that emphasized personal faith over traditional church practices.

11. 7 Years War: A global conflict (1756–1763) between Britain and France; in the Americas, it’s called the French and Indian War.

Labor and Rebellion

12. Indentured Servants: People who worked for a set time in exchange for passage to America.

13. Bacon’s Rebellion: A 1676 rebellion in Virginia by farmers against Native American attacks and government corruption.

Road to Revolution

14. Causes of the Revolutionary War: Disputes over British taxes, control, and representation.

15. Taxation: British taxes like the Stamp Act angered colonists.

16. French and Indian War: Britain’s expensive victory led to taxing the colonies.

17. Pontiac’s Rebellion: Native American uprising against British post-war policies.

18. Enlightenment: A movement emphasizing reason and individual rights.

19. Common Sense: A pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence.

20. Declaration of Independence: A document declaring the colonies' independence from Britain.

Revolutionary War and Aftermath

21. Revolutionary War: Colonists’ fight for independence from Britain.

22. Key Battles:

• Saratoga: Turning point; convinced France to help.

• Yorktown: Final victory over Britain.

23. Role of Women: Managed homes and supported war efforts.

24. Republican Motherhood: The idea that women should teach children about democracy.

25. Role of Blacks: Some fought for freedom; others remained enslaved.

Early Government

26. Articles of Confederation: America’s first government; weak central power.

27. Successes and Failures: Created the Northwest Ordinance but lacked authority.

28. Northwest Ordinance: Organized the western lands and banned slavery there.

29. Constitution: Stronger central government replacing the Articles.

30. Bill of Rights: First 10 amendments guaranteeing individual rights.

31. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: Federalists supported the Constitution; Anti-Federalists wanted more state power.

Political Leaders and Policies

32. Jefferson vs. Hamilton: Jefferson wanted an agrarian society; Hamilton wanted industry and strong banks.

33. Washington and Adams: First presidents; dealt with neutrality and foreign relations.

34. Neutrality: Staying out of European wars.

35. Relations with Britain: Tensions over trade and impressment.

36. Washington’s Farewell Address: Warned against political parties and alliances.

Expansion and Division

37. Manifest Destiny: Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand west.

38. Oregon Treaty: U.S. got Oregon from Britain.

39. Mexican-American War: War over Texas and land; ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Civil War and Reconstruction

40. Causes of the Civil War: Slavery, sectionalism, and political tensions.

41. 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments: Abolished slavery, gave citizenship, and voting rights to African Americans.

42. Freedmen’s Bureau: Helped freed slaves after the Civil War.

43. Plessy vs. Ferguson: Court case allowing racial segregation