BI 117 Lab 07 Cardiovascular System

Overview of Cardiovascular System Lab

• Instructor: Kate E. Kryger

• Course: BI 117 General Human Anatomy & Physiology Lab

Lab Exam Information

• Format: 50 fill-in-the-blank & multiple choice questions

• Topics Covered:

  • Muscular System

  • Nervous System

  • Cardiovascular System

• PowerPoint Format:

  • Timed portion: 45 seconds per question

  • Quick Review: 15 seconds per question

  • No going back to previous questions

Examination Rules

1. Turn off electronic devices and place them in bags.

2. Read questions carefully and be on the lookout for visual aids (arrows, circles, etc.).

3. Be specific in answers.

4. Write full names of structures; do not abbreviate.

5. For multiple choice, record only the letter.

6. Spelling matters; half-point deduction for each misspelled word.

7. Illegible handwriting results in no credit.

8. Hold all questions until the end of the exam.

Timed Portion Guidelines

• Minimum of 45 seconds per question; more time for complex questions.

• Circle questions for later review.

• Quick review follows immediately after the timed section.

Components of Blood

• Two Primary Components:

  1. Plasma (fluid matrix)

  2. Formed Elements

  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)

  • Platelets

Identification of Blood Cells

• Leukocytes:

  • Presence of a nucleus indicates leukocyte.

• Erythrocytes:

  • Biconcave disk shape lacking a nucleus.

  • Vastly outnumber leukocytes.

Layers of the Heart Wall

• Three Layers:

  1. Epicardium/Visceral Pericardium (upon)

  2. Myocardium (muscle layer)

  3. Endocardium (inside)

Structures of the Heart

• Atria: Entryways

  • Right atrium

  • Left atrium

• Ventricles: Pumps

  • Right ventricle

  • Left ventricle

• Valves:

  • Inlet valves:

    • Tricuspid Valve

    • Bicuspid Valve

  • Outlet valves:

    • Pulmonary Valve

    • Aortic Valve

Circulatory Flow

• Blood travel paths:

  • Right side pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs.

  • Left side pumps oxygenated blood to body.

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Major Blood Vessels and Blood Flow Pathways

1. Blood returns from body via:

   • Superior vena cava

   • Inferior vena cava

   • Coronary sinus

2. Pathway in right side:

   • Right atrium → Tricuspid valve

   • Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve

   • Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries

   • Pulmonary capillaries

3. Pathway in left side:

   • Pulmonary veins → Left atrium

   • Bicuspid valve → Left ventricle

   • Aortic valve → Aorta

Aorta Sections

• Parts of the Aorta:

  1. Ascending aorta

  2. Aortic arch

  3. Descending thoracic aorta

  4. Abdominal aorta

• Branches from Aortic Arch:

  1. Brachiocephalic trunk

  2. Left common carotid artery

  3. Left subclavian artery

Coronary Circulation

• Blood supply to the heart itself.

• Venous blood returns to right atrium via coronary sinus.

• Right & left coronary arteries arise from ascending aorta.

Histology of Blood Vessels

• Differences between arteries and veins:

  • Arteries: Thicker walls, smaller round lumen.

  • Veins: Thin walls, often collapsed lumen.

Measuring Blood Pressure

• Manual Measurement:

  • Use a stethoscope over the brachial artery.

  • Record the first and last heartbeat indicated on the gauge.

• Digital Measurement:

  • Uses sensors to detect pressure fluctuations.

  • Follow set guidelines to ensure accuracy, including keeping the arm at heart level.

Expectations for Lab Work

• Follow instructions in the SPOs.

• Identify heart structures and blood vessels, label models.

• Trace a drop of blood with color-coded markers.

• Clean up after using laminated sheets.

• Work in pairs for blood pressure measurement, using both manual and digital methods.