Page 1: Eastern Institute of Technology EIT TE AHO A MAUI Te Pukenga

• This note is from a transcript of a presentation or lecture at the Eastern Institute of Technology.

Page 2: Immunity & Inflammation Session Objectives

• The session objectives are to identify the 3 lines of defense and recap the processes involved in immunity & inflammation.

• The session also aims to identify the key cells, tissues, and responses involved in inflammation and acquiring immunity.

Page 3: The Immune System

• The immune system is the body's defense against pathogens.

• It is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body.

Page 4: Lines of Defense

• The immune system has three lines of defense: innate (nonspecific), adaptive (specific), and defense mechanisms.

• The first line of defense includes the skin and mucous membranes.

• The second line of defense includes phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory response.

• The third line of defense involves lymphocytes, antibodies, and acquiring immunity.

Page 5: Innate Immunity - non-specific

• Innate immunity is inborn, non-specific, and responds immediately.

• It has two lines of defense: external body membranes (skin and mucosae) and their secretions, and antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells.

• Inflammation is its most important mechanism and can be used by the third line of defense.

Page 6: First Line of Defense

• The first line of defense acts as a physical barrier to most microorganisms.

• It includes the skin and mucous membranes.

• Protective chemicals inhibit or destroy microorganisms.

• Secretions by body membranes include acidity, lipids, HCl, protein-digesting enzymes, lysozyme, and mucus.

Page 7: Second Line of Defense

• The second line of defense is necessary if microorganisms breach the first line of defense and invade deeper tissues.

• It consists of cells and chemicals such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, and fever.

Page 8: Phagocytes

• Phagocytes engulf cellular debris and foreign material into a vacuole where enzymes from lysosomes digest the material.

• Neutrophils and macrophages can migrate to an infected area and clean up damaged tissue and/or bacterial pathogens.

Page 9: Natural Killer (NK) Cells

• Natural Killer (NK) cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and destroy virus-infected cells.

• They secrete potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response.

Page 10: Inflammation

• Inflammation is triggered when body tissues are damaged due to injury, disease, or infection.

• Damaged tissues release chemical mediators like histamine, resulting in vasodilation, increased vessel permeability, emigration of phagocytes, and tissue repair.

Page 11: Inflammation

• The most common indicators of acute inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

Page 12: Inflammatory Response

• Inflammatory response involves injurious agents, cells, release of chemicals, blood vessels, neutrophils, monocytes, increased blood flow, edema, proteins, redness, heat, pain, swelling, and tissue healing.

Page 13: Site of injury to Inflammatory Response

• The site of injury to the inflammatory response involves thorn, skin surface, microbes, dissolved poisonous substances, phagocytes, fluid and phagocytic white blood cells, blood vessels, lymphatic drainage, and healing.

Page 14: Inflammatory Response

• Inflammatory response includes injurious agents, cells damaged, release of kinins, histamine, and other chemicals, blood vessels, capillaries, neutrophils, monocytes, increased blood flow, edema, proteins, redness, heat, pain, swelling, more nutrients and oxygen to the area, and tissue healing.

Page 15: Cellular and Chemical Defenses-Second Line of Defense

• Cellular and chemical defenses in the second line of defense include phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial chemicals, complement, interferons, urine, and fever.

Page 16: Third Line of Defense - Adaptive Immunity

• The third line of defense is adaptive immunity, which is specific and acquired.

• It takes longer to respond than the innate system and requires specific defense for each type of invader.

• It is carried out by the lymphatic system.

Page 17: The Lymphatic System

• The lymphatic system filters debris and microbes from the lymph before it is returned to the blood.

• It returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood and removes waste products produced by cells.

Page 18: Lymphatic Tissues & Organs

• Lymphatic tissues and organs play an essential role in the immune system to fight infections.

• The primary lymphatic organs are the bone marrow and thymus, where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent.

• B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and macrophages are involved in the immune response.

Page 19: Third Line of Defense Cells

• The secondary lymphatic organs are sites where most adaptive immune responses occur, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT).

Page 20: Third Line of Defense

• The third line of defense is adaptive and specific, protecting against infectious agents and abnormal body cells.

• It works with the second line of defense, amplifies the inflammatory response, and activates the complement system.

• Three important aspects of adaptive defense are antigen specificity, systemic response, and memory.

Page 21: Chronic Inflammation

• Chronic inflammation is an ongoing, long-term response characterized by the continued accumulation of mononuclear leukocytes and tissue injury.

• It can be caused by autoimmune disorders, exposure to toxins, or untreated acute inflammation.

Page 22: Allergy

• Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance that doesn't cause a reaction in most people.

• Atopy is the genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases.

• Allergies can range from minor irritation to anaphylaxis and can be managed with treatments.

Page 23: Summary Types of Immunity

• The summary includes innate immunity, acquired immunity, active immunity, passive immunity, natural antibodies, artificial antibodies, and the lymphatic system.

Page 24: Te Pukenga

• Opening remarks: "Thanks, everyone and happy studying!"

• Introduction of the topic: "EIT TE AHO A MAUI Te Pukenga"

Te Pukenga

• Te Pukenga is the focus of the discussion on page 24.

• Te Pukenga is a concept or principle in Maori culture.

• It refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of all things.

• Te Pukenga emphasizes the importance of relationships and connections.

• It recognizes that everything in the world is connected and has an impact on each other.

Supporting details:

• Te Pukenga is derived from the Maori creation story of Maui.

• Maui is a demigod in Maori mythology who is known for his exploits and adventures.

• The story of Maui highlights the significance of Te Pukenga.

• Te Pukenga teaches us that we are all part of a larger whole.

• It reminds us to consider the consequences of our actions on others and the environment.

Conclusion

• Te Pukenga is a fundamental concept in Maori culture.

• It emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of all things.

• Understanding Te Pukenga helps us appreciate the importance of relationships and connections.

• It encourages us to be mindful of our actions and their impact on others and the