Untitled Flashcards Set

AOR - DETAILED ANSWERS

1. New (Columbus initially believed he was not on a "new" continent, but had landed in India) Portugal (the Atlantic Slave Trade began in 1414 when the Portuguese took 230 Africans)

1. Age (Portugal had a trading empire stretching from Brazil to Hormuz to Macao to Nagasaki

2. Carracks (these ships were sturdy enough to cross oceans, made a bit obsolete by 18th cent.)

3. Isabella (a myth is that she pawned the royal jewels to fund his trip-she didn't need to)

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1492 (this was also the year of the Reconquista, when Spain expelled Muslims from Iberia)

1. Conquistadors (Charles V, Holy Roman Emp. & Spain's King, tried/failed to control them)

2. Aztecs (led by Montezuma II, their capital city Tenochtitlan is in present-day Mexico City)

3. de las Casas (the three main Catholic orders are the Domicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits)

4. Iroquois (its 5 original nations were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onandaga, Cayuga, and Seneca)

5. Corn (this vegetable has a caloric yield that is 10x as powerful as wheat, a European staple)

6. Reformation (began when Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a church door on Halloween)

7. Catholics (Catholicism, led by the Pope, traces its ancestry back to the Jesus's apostle, Paul)

8. British or English (the British Isles encompass Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and England)

9. Furs (Algonquian nations had better access to hunting grounds but Iroquois pushed in later)

10. Beaver (these were a part of Iroquois "mourning wars,"

" taking hostages after deaths)

1. Tobacco (a crop tough on soil it must be grown near rivers to transport quick after harvest)

2. Virginia (Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII who broke from the Catholic Church)

3. Jamestown James I was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, who was executed by Elizabeth)

4. Philadelphia (the city named by William Penn himself, it means City of Brotherly Love)

5. South Carolina (originally called Carolina, named for Charles I, the king who lost his head)

6. Enlightenment (the center of this movement was France, ironic since it was Absolutist)

7. Leviathan (Hobbes usually isn't seen as pro-Enlightenment since he argued for Absolutism)

8. Glorious (this event was seen as "Glorious" because it occurred without massive violence)

9. Montesquieu (he's the most influential thinker on Madison, who tweaked the baron's ideas)

10. Powers (an example of this is to divide gov't among an Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary)

11. Sovereignty (Rousseau was the most influential thinker on Jefferson, and on Robespierre)

12. Free (the central doctrine of the Enlightenment is Liberalism, the basis of which is freedom)

13. Piracy (this is the most famous era of pirates but the act of sea-robbers is as old as trade)

14. Henry Avery (his heist upset the East India Comp as it aimed for smooth relations in India)

15. Caribbean lamaica & the Bahamas were pirate havens, but Blackbeard worked out of NC)

16. Sugar (the land had been deforested just to make room for more sugarcane fields)

17. 30 (this is as opposed to a £13 for a 4 year indenture of a European who migrated over)

18. Indentured (many took a risk on this process, but the majority died from poor conditions)

19. Middle (it was the 2nd leg of 3-part "Triangular Trade" from Europe to Africa to America)

1. Seven (really, the war lasted longer but GW's issues in Ohio were before war was declared)

2. George Washington (hed been given {10,000 which was only enough to recruit 160 men)

3. Covenant (though Britain had this strong ally, France allied with far more Indigenous tribes)

4. Navigation (most Euro powers had similar laws funneling trade toward mother countries)

5. Mercantilism (one major issue with this is it doesn't encourage growth via new markets)

6. Stamp (it required an official stamp for printed documents, from diplomas to playing cards)

7. Pontiac (he worked with a Delaware/Lenape prophet named Neolin to start a movement)

8. George III (he was first of the Hanoverian dynasty to be born in England or speak English)

9. Stock (these entities like OH Comp. or VA Comp. pool investor resources and lower risk)

10. Neglect (sometimes this is called Salutary Neglect, but the terms are truly interchangeable)

11. Repealed (Parl. had to repeal it since there were 0 officials left when they went into effect)

12. Townshend (Charles I. was quite sick, hence he pushed these quickly; he died soon after)

13. John Dickinson (a Quaker who thus resisted violence, he also wrote the Olive Branch Pet.)

14. Representation (no individual is responsible for this phrase, but Dickinson wrote about it)

15. Liberty (MA's is the most famous of these associations, but they existed in other colonies)

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    51. Sam (his family business was brewing (thus, the beet) but Sam Adams was actually bad at it)

    Redcoats (they were also known as Lobster Backs or Bloody Backs for their lashings)

    1. Massacre (Crispus Attucks was the first person who died, he passed away at the scene)

    2. James Otis (his daughter was the first true historian of the revolution: Mercy Otis Warren)
       John (he had hoped to be appointed to the MA Supreme Court, until events took a turn)
       Tea Party (nobody actually called it this name until 50 years after the revolution was over)

    57. Coercive (these acts abolished the local Assembly, appointed a military leader as gov., etc.)

    1. John Hancock (he voted to ratify the Constitution later after a bribe of maybe being Pres.)

    2. Lexington (the "&+ Concord" part of this battle refers to Concord Road where Brits sniped)

    3. Paul Revere (he also made the engraving that depicted brutality at the Boston Massacre)

    4. Ethan Allen (he took all the credit for taking Ft. Ti, which fueled Arnold's resentment)

    5. Henry Knox (they traveled hundreds of miles over mountains in the snow to get to Boston)

    6. Howe (Howe's decision to disobey orders and take Philly led to a bit of disrepute for him)

    7. New York (NY became British headquarters in America during the Revolution)

    8. Congress (don't confuse Continental Congress (during wat) with US Congress (after 1789))

    9. Burgoyne (he'd claimed he'd defeat Americans swiftly but didn't get adequately reinforced)

    10. Benedict Arnold (his slowed Redcoats down in the Interior, letting forest fight for him)

    11. Delaware (GW crossing the Delaware is likely the most famous painting of the Am. Rev.)

    12. Common Sense (he failed at all his business ventures in England then moved to Colonies)

    13. Pursuit of happiness (the rumor is that Franklin suggested changing it from "property")

    1. Southern (the South had more in common with England (Anglicanism, customs, etc.))

    2. Tories (this term mostly means conservative but the Whigs were actually in power in Parl.)

    1. Charleston (this siege was brutal, and Ben Lincoln was later forced to a total surrender)

    2. Cornwallis (his wife had just died, which some scholars say is behind his suicidal strategy)

    3. Nathanael Greene (his wife later hired Eli Whitney, cotton gin inventor, as kids' tutor)

    1. Tarleton (he was in his early 20s, all in his outfit wore distinctive green jackets)

    2. Cowpens (Morgan later eamed more fame for putting down the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794)

    3. Yorktown (a crucial clash before this one was a naval battle known as the Battle of the Capes)

    4. France (France had been funding America for years but fully/formally committed in 1778)

    5. Benjamin Franklin (he'd been famous since early 1750s and was called the Electric Ambassador)

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    1781 (by this point the American economy was in shambles from fighting the war for years)

    1. Lord North (this was the first of George IlI's allies in Parliament that lasted very long)

    2. John Jay (he was often elected president or leader of any organization he was in)

    3. James Madison (he finished Princeton in 2 years studying law, but afraid to public speak)

    4. Alexander Hamilton (he'd been protégé of Robert Morris, who tried to fix CC's budget)

    5. Articles (this treated the 13 states more like a loose-knit alliances rather than a government)

    6. 1787 (they'd tried to arrange a similar convention at Annapolis, but w/o GW nobody came)

    7. Virginia (this was Madison's initial proposal w/ an Executive who could appoint governors)

    8. Louis XVI (he was not tyrannical at all but also indecisive and resistant to major reforms)

    9. Misery or Grievance (thousands of these letters came in, mostly about food or privileges)

    10. General (these started in the 14th century but had been shrugged off under Absolutism)

    11. Tennis Court (this oath determined that the third estate would create a new Constitution)

    12. Bastille (it did not have many actual prisoners, but was a symbol of suppressing new ideas)

    13. August Decrees (this event was called "the night the French nobility committed suicide")

    14. Marquis de Lafayette (he'd fought in the Am. Rev. and was later imprisoned by Napoleon)

    15. Marie Antoinette (daughter of Habsburg ruler Maria Theresa and sister of Emp. Joseph II)

    16. Guillotine (this machine was designed in order to be more egalitacian, killing all same way)

    17. Maximilian Robespierre (he'd been a lawyer from the countryside, often quiet in meetings)

    18. Haitian (the colony was called Saint-Domingue, on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola)

    19. Napoleon Bonaparte (crowned himself emperor, the prototypical modern "self-made man")

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