APUSH Key Concept Questions Period 4: 1800-1848

Topic 4.1 Contextualizing Period 4

Learning Objective: Explain the context in which the republic developed from 1800 to 1848

Topic 4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson

Learning Objective: Explain the causes and effects of policy debates in the early republic

1.    Examine the debates by national political parties on issues such as  

·      the tariff 

 During the election of 1800, despite the oppositions in power of governments, neither really opposed tariffs on imports for income. These tariffs would become the largest source of revenue for the US federal government. Although this debate did not affect the arguing of political parties, there were debates based off regional lines. The Northerners supported higher tariffs for protection of their companies from foreign competition, which was a view held in Hamilton’s Financial Plan. The Southerners who were reliant on cotton and other exported crops wanted lower tariffs to encourage trade. Both the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans had their own views on the subject based on where they lived and what their economy was reliant on no matter their political party. This issue was an on the topic of Northern and Southern economies, not as much political parties.

·      powers of the federal government 

 The powers of the federal government were a big topic of debate between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The Federalists wanted a stronger federal government with more power, while the Democratic-Republicans wanted a weaker federal government which came with a stronger state government. This view came largely from fear that the federal government having too much power would cause them to abuse it like the British monarchy had. These two different interpretations of how power should be distributed led to vastly different laws being passed under each of the presidents. This argument was a large issue because each of the views were mutually exclusive, and brought even further divide amongst the parties.

·      Relations with European powers 

The two political parties supported different European nations. The Federalists supported the British in relation to European powers while the Democratic-Republicans supported the French more. This separation was widely influenced by actions under Washington’s and Adams’s presidencies including the Proclamation of Neutrality and the Quasi War. This would come to affect trade amongst America and these nations under Jefferson’s presidency with the Embargo Act along with a few other actions. This greatly effected trade and the people’s reactions to certain occurrences. The major debate was over France versus Britain.

2.    How did the Supreme Court establish the primacy of the judiciary and the power of federal law over state law?

The Supreme Court established the primacy of judiciary and the power of federal law over state through many influential court cases the influence of John Marshall. He was a Federalist who was appointed Chief Justice at the end of John Adam’s presidency. Despite coming from opposing political parties, most Democratic-Republicans sided with Marshall’s views because he showed them that the US Constitution had intended for a stronger federal government. The first court case, and likely the most influential was Marbury v. Madison (1803) which established judicial review. In this case, Marshall ruled an act of Congress to be unconstitutional, which gave the Supreme court the power to rule on any other act of the president or Congress of the constitutionality of the decision. Not only did this action overrule a direct action from Thomas Jefferson, making him look bad, but it put him and Marshall in direct opposition. This gave the judiciary branch the highest level of power that a part of the government could obtain. Then, there was Fletcher v. Peck (1810) which concluded that a state was unable to pass legislation invalidating a contract, setting a precent the Supreme Court could declare state laws unconstitutional. The next was Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816) which established the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over state courts when involving constitutional rights. After that was Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) which declared a state law unconstitutional and argued that contracts for private corporations could not be altered by state government. Then came McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) which set the idea of implied powers based on the loose interpretation of the Constitution. In this case, it gave the federal government the authority to create a national bank. Marshall also ruled that state governments could not tax federal institutions. Next was Cohens v. Virginia (1821) which established the principle of the Supreme Court being able to review state court’s decisions when powers of the federal governments were involved. Last, there was Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) which ruled that New York monopoly was unconstitutional establishing the federal government’s control on interstate commerce. All these court cases mainly ruled by Marshall granted federal power over state power every time and set many precents which contributed to the establishment of their primacy.

3.    Explain the significance of the Louisiana Purchase and the attempt to spread U.S. influence through exploration and diplomatic measures.

The Louisiana Purchase was extremely significant in the expansion of the US which aided in the US’s spread of influence through exploration and diplomatic measures. It was significant because the region included land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, not including Spanish Florida. The port in New Orleans on the Mississippi River was the territory’s most valuable piece of property because of the extensive trade and economic opportunities. The US got this land from Napoleon Bonaparte of France after its complicated history because of wars and rebellions happening in Europe. It also forced Thomas Jefferson to rethink his strict interpretation of the Constitution to obtain the land. The most prominent spread of US influence through exploration was the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In 1804, Lewis and Clark left from St. Louis, went across the Rockies, and made it to the Oregon coast. This helped the US obtain better knowledge of the region scientifically and geographically, better claims on the Oregon Territory, better relationship with the Natives, and better maps. This help spread the US’s influence on the Natives and their interactions and helped the continuation of westward migration. As for diplomatic measures, the Lewis and Clark Expedition was another good example because it created good relations with the Natives. This required the team to become reliant on the Natives to survive and learn about the territory with a lack of violence. This was a good diplomatic measure taken by the US to avoid fighting with the Natives. The Louisiana Purchase was a significant moment in American history with the drive of westward expansion and influenced the new territory through exploration and diplomatic measures.

Topic 4.3 Politics and Regional Interests

Learning Objective: Explain how different regional interests affected debates about the role of the federal government in the early republic.

4.     How did regional interest surpass national concerns especially by political leaders on the issue over slavery?

Regional interested surpassed national concerns especially by political leaders on the issue of slavery because of economic reliance and improvements. Where the north had an industrial based economy, the south had a slave-based economy especially with cotton plantations. Many economic advanced were happening at this time with the Market Revolution and protective tariffs. These topics were heavily debated based on economic reliances. The presidents along with other national leaders like James Monroe and Madison took stances on the issue of slavery based on where they lived. These debates continually festered until the Civil War which would eventually abolish slavery. National concerns were overruled because of the different economies in each region which needed to make their own decisions to help their regions. This idea was known as sectionalism and was a major part in political decisions. This was an argument of manufacturers versus planters which surpassed national interests.

5.     What is the American System? How did the debate over this policy reflect regional differences?

Henry Clay’s American System was a certain method to make economic advances in America. This plan had three parts including a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements. Clay claimed that a national bank would help the nation be providing a national currency to keep everything running smoothly. He also claimed that protective tariffs would influence American manufacturing and help obtain revenue for a transportation system. Internal improvements would promote Western and Southern growth which the bank would aid. Protective tariffs and the Second Bank of the US were instituted in 1816 when Congress ratified them. There were not much new debates about these, only the continuing ones of the federal government having too much power, and the bank not being explicitly said in the Constitution. Also came some arguments from merchants who did not like the excessive tax on imports. These reflected regional differences because most of the agricultural class did not support the strong national government and lived majorly in the South. A lot of these views were dissipating though, as the Era of Good Feelings was slowly irradicating the Federalist party. The merchants were mainly located in New England because of the major port located there. The major arguments were on internal improvements. Both Madison and Monroe objected claiming that it did not explicitly claim in the Constitution that roads and canals could be federally funded. This view showed in many of Monroe’s vetoed acts. This made the states make their own internal improvements. This strict interpretation of the constitution showed that Monroe wanted the states to make their own choices of industrialism, and not have to fund it. This showed regional differences because some states were not industrialized and had no intention of becoming, majorly the south, because of their agriculture. This created a distinct difference in the internal improvement of different areas of the US. Though many of the internal improvements would take place during the Market Revolution. The American System provided a chance for the US to grow economically but brought debate because of regional differences.

6.     Explain how the Missouri Compromise temporarily stemmed the growing tension over the issue of slavery.

The Missouri Compromise temporarily stemmed the growing tension over the issue of slavery because despite momentarily appeasing both parties, all the issues were still there. The Missouri Compromise was an issue over the entrance of Missouri as a state because either way it would tip the balance. The North was especially fearful because Missouri already had slaves. It also was the first of many lands applying for statehood from the Louisiana Purchase. The first proposal to ease the problem was the Tallmadge Amendment which would prohibit more slaves from entering Missouri and required the emancipation of slave children at age 25. Southerners did not like it as it was seen as the first step in abolishing slavery federally. After came Clay’s Proposals which stemmed the growing tension. He proposed to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. And, to prevent further discrepancies, slavery would be abolished in the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36’30’. In March 1820, this Missouri Compromise was signed. This plan gave both sides what they wanted and preserved the sectional balance. It kept the slave and non-slave states equal while ensuring a rule for all future states’ admittance. Despite this agreement that kept the for over 30 years, the influence of sectionalism became more and more prevalent. This would eventually lead to the Civil War. The Missouri Compromise temporarily stemmed the growing tensions over slavery, but eventually came back due to sectionalism.

Topic 4.4 America on the World Stage

Learning Objective: Explain how and why American foreign policy developed and expanded over time

7.     How did the United States seek to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade?

The US sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade through various actions of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. The first major action to claim territory was the War of 1812 which was an effort both for trade and in claiming territory. Some examples of this were frontier pressures and the War Hawks. The War Hawks were a group of people largely from frontier states, and thought they must obtain the land from Canada as well as irradicate Native frontier resistance, and by doing so also defeating the British. There was an invasion of Canada in effort to gain the territory and become more powerful than the British. After the war, the Natives no longer had British protection, so much of their land was seized by the US. Later, under Monroe, the Treaty of 1818 was formed which established limits and claims to the Louisiana and Oregon Territory. In the Adam-Onis Treaty, the US obtained the new land, which was once Spanish Florida, and by that point they owned land in a lot of North America. To promote foreign trade, there was first a few bad actions, but then came better ones. First, it started with the Barbary Pirates which Jefferson started a war against over foreign trade to protect the US citizens in trading waters. Later, he produced the well hated Embargo Act which prohibited US merchant ships to sail to foreign ports, this was a means to not have another war. Despite thinking this would help in the long run, and trade would still be fine, it majorly declined the US economy. The repeal of this was a better example, the Nonintercourse Act of 1809, Madison provided that the US could trade with everyone except Britian and France, but it did not work out that well because Britain and France were the main source of trade. Finally, Macon’s Bill No. 2 came in 1810 which restored trade with France and Britain and promoted foreign trade. To make the seas a better place for merchants along with a few other reasons, the War of 1812 happened. In the Treaty of 1818, the US and Britain agreed to share the fishing rights off the coast of the Newfoundland which promoted peaceful ships in the area. The US sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade as a result and some bad and good actions of the presidents which ended in a solid resolution for America and Britain.

8.     How did the United States try to influence and control their vast Western territory including the Western Hemisphere? Discuss the following:

a.     American Indian removal

The US tried to influence and control their vast Western territory including the Western Hemisphere through various motions like the Indian Removal Act which helped them to advance on these lands. President Andrew Jackson held the same view as many Americans who were largely focused on westward expansion, so he created the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which forced the resettlement of Natives away from their homelands, and west of the Mississippi. To further push this resettlement, they also created the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1836 to help resettle Natives. As expected, some did not want to move away from their traditional lands which resulted in two major Supreme Court cases. The first being Cherokee Nation v. Georgia in 1831 when the Cherokees sued Georgia for the right to not have to move. The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokees had no authority to sue a federal court. Then, in Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, they ruled that laws of Georgia did not have any validity in Cherokee territory. This act was majorly in place to retake control of their new lands from the Louisiana Purchase and furthered showed how America viewed the Natives. As a result of this issue of the Cherokees not willingly leaving, so after Jackson had left office, the US Army forced 15,000 Cherokee people out of their native Georgia homes; this was known as the Trail of Tears. Because of the US’s care for the territory and control over the Natives, 4,000 Cherokees lost their lives at the expense of western migration.

b.     Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a prime example of showing how the US tried to influence and control their vast Western territory because they were trying to that back control of America from the monarchies. Many European nations were making advancements on lands and trade in the Americas. A major one was Russia who had land in Alaska and was advancing on San Francisco. The British would help deter the Spanish from recolonizing Latin America which would cause the British Foreign Secretary George Canning to propose to Richard Rush, the US minister in London, his plan of a warning to European monarchies and powers to not advance on South America. Despite Monroe agreeing with this action, John Quincy Adams believed that it would hinder westward expansion. On December 2, 1822, the Monroe Doctrine was released saying that no other American land of the newly free and independent countries will be open for colonization. This doctrine also said that there will be no more advancement on the western hemisphere like what happened in San Francisco. Despite it being quickly forgotten, most monarchies did not attempt further colonization because of the British navy. It would later become an important document showing the US’s foreign policy toward Latin America. The Monroe Doctrine was an event in which helped America’s control of the western hemisphere and their influence over it.

Topic: 4.5 Market Revolution: Industrialization

Learning Objective: Explain the causes and effects of the innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce over time.

9.     Explain the growth of the market revolution in production and commerce.

The Market Revolution was a period in American history where the economy rapidly grew because of new advancements largely to do with technology. Starting with the growth of production, many new inventions were made which greatly grew the workforce and the economy. The steel plow created by John Deere and the mechanical reaper created by Cyrus McCormick revolutionized the farming industry because these inventions made it easy to mass plant and not need as many workers. Eli Whitney made many mechanical inventions such as interchangeable parts. These made mass production prevalent in the manufacturing industry especially in the north making it a massive part of the economy. Samuel Slater was a British immigrant who illegally brought the British factory designs to America. These were mainly used for cotton mills and set off the Industrial Revolution while completely transforming the economy. As for commerce, there were some amazing inventions that are still prevalent today. Roads were invented during this time, a notable one being the Cumberland Road which went from Maryland to Illinois. This quickened the journey for trade drastically. Even more revolutionary were the canals, specifically the Erie Canal which created a quick and easy trade route that connect the Great Lakes to the Hudson River. On these canals were Steamboats which cut down travel time and boosted the economy. To aid communication, the Telegraph was created which revolutionized communication through Morse Code. All these inventions that came from the Market Revolution changed their industries which promoted economic boosts and took America away from an agricultural society, at least in the south.

10.  Explain the significance of the following innovations:

a.     Textile machinery

The start of revolutionary textile machinery was the creation of cotton gin by Eli Whitney which boomed the cotton industry in the south. Through the new textile inventions, textile mills came about. Because it was hard for factory owners to find labor, they recruited young women through the Lowell System. This included much child labor. The growth of these fabric machineries created many new job opportunities especially for young women to leave their house while creating a new industry that the economy was reliant on.

b.     Steam engines

Steam engines were a major factor because they majorly changed where factories were located. Before, water powered factories had to be located on a stream or river, but with this invention, they could be anywhere. The steam engine could power factories, mills, and mines everywhere when it came to America from Britain. These engines would go to create the steamboat which revolutionized the canal industry. Robert Fulton made the first one called the Clermont in 1807 when he took it across the Hudson River. Commercial ones were soon made to grow trade. With the steamboat one could not only easily go upriver, but they could also cut travel time down a lot. The steam engines were significant because it revolutionized factories and other productions as well as the trade industry.

c.     Interchangeable parts

Interchangeable parts, coined by Eli Whitney, where first created when was making guns during the War of 1812. They were mass produced identical components which could be put together to make the final product. This was revolutionary because guns initially had to be custom made and could not be easily replaced. These made guns a simple object to make for the militaries. These interchangeable parts influenced other industries to do the same thing, so they became one of the most effective mass production methods in the new factories in the north.

d.     Telegraph

The telegraph was created by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1844; it could transport messages over a long distance via wires connecting them. Before the fastest a message could be delivered was by travel, now it could go as fast as electricity. This was important, especially for government workers, because they could have a solid stream of communication without much delay. The telegraph communicated in sound put together known as the Morse code. This was the first rendition of the phone in America, and without it, communication would have never revolutionized.

e.     Agricultural inventions

There were two major agricultural inventions which grew farm production: the steel plow and mechanical reaper. The steel plow was created by John Deere; they grounded soil while preventing the further growing of weeds. This created better and more consistent crop flow. The mechanical reaper was created by Cyrus McCormick. It revolutionized harvesting through the easy cutting of grain which cut down the time and amount of people needed by a lot. More acres could also be planted making it more profitable. This greatly increased the economy and helped farms stay prevalent despite the industrial growth.

11.  How did the following developments enlarge the market and closely knit the nation together? 

o   Roads 

Roads were extremely important in the Market Revolution being that they enlarged the market and closely knit the nation together. Road started largely because of Pennsylvania’s Lancaster Turnpike which connected Philadelphia with Lancaster. The success influenced the building of new interstate roads. One prevalent road that crossed state lines was the Cumberland Road which connected Maryland to Illinois. This helped enlarge the market through trade efficiency. With roads, you could easily and quickly from one place to the next without a boat. Because the roads connected everyone, more communication and trade happened within the nation. This caused for a more closely knit nation as well as relying on each other not just themselves. This boost in internal trade instead of international trade caused a boost in the economy which was tied to the Market Revolution.

o   Canals 

Canals were the second most influential transportation improvement. The most notable example of this was the Erie Canal which connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, but canals began to be created everywhere with a heavy reliance on steamboats. The linking of these major cities increased the nation trade which boosted the economy instead of relying on international trade. Because of this improved transportation system, the food prices became cheaper, more immigrants settled west—especially in port cities--, and there were stronger economic ties in the US. The economic boom and the low prices enlarged the market and the people who wanted to use the canals for new opportunities. Because these canals ties cities together, they communicated and relied on each other showing the new close-knit US.

o   Railroads

Railroads were the most influential transportation system created during the Market Revolution. Railroads were fast, reliable, and efficient links between cities which started in the 1820s. By the 1830s, railroads were a better form of travel than canals and roads. This paired with the other transportation improvements boomed commercial centers of the expanding national economy. This helped the people from different states get things they needed which they did not produce. Despite being more prevalent in the north, they were a revolutionary connection of cities which helped the market through trade and travel and closely knit the states through the increasing crossing of state lines.

12. Explain the growth of the cotton industry in the south and the relationship it has to the northern industries.

The cotton industry in the south and the relationship it had with the northern industries was a vital part of the economy. Cotton replaced the other cash crops such as tobacco and indigo when Eli Whitney invented cotton gin. This contraption efficiently separated cotton fiber from the seeds, transforming the agriculture of the region. The growing reliance of cotton raised the prevalence on slaves in the south—something the northerners were largely opposed to. This connected the South to the global economy, specifically to the north. The north had banks, shipping firms, and insurance companies had increasing reliance on the transport of cotton—especially prevalent in New York. Especially in the textile mills which produced clothing. The South also got connected to the rest of the world like in Europe and New England because of the ass profit the cotton created. This was contradicting of the north because they wanted the cotton, but wanted to abolish slavery, so they were propelling what they were opposing. This idea of the trade of cotton to the textile production was known as cotton complex. This would continue to grow the economy during the Market Revolution and create and increasingly strange relationship between the north and south on the topic of slavery.

Topic 4.6 Market Revolution: Society and Culture

Learning Objective: Explain how and why innovation in technology, agriculture, and commerce affected various segments of American society over time.

13.  Discuss the wave of international immigration into the industrial north.

As a result of the Market Revolution, there was a mass population growth in the US largely due to the wave of international immigration into the industrial north. For reference, in 1820 only about eight thousand immigrants arrived from Europe in opposition to the fifty thousand and above which came over after 1832. In 1854, the immigration was almost nine times more. This created nearly four million new US citizens coming from Europe in hopes of a new and better life. There were three major reasons for this, the first being the transportation innovations such as railroads, roads like the Cumberland Road, and canals like the Erie Canal. The effective ocean transportation systems made it easier to immigrate than in previous years. The second reason was that Europe was having a lot of problems with revolutions and famines making it hard to live there, let alone make economic advancements. Last was that the US was gaining a reputation for having amazing economic opportunities and political freedoms. The Market Revolution advanced these economic opportunities by the additions to the industrial north like textile machinery and the interchangeable parts which allowed new jobs for new coming citizens. Most of these immigrants originally arrived in a port at Boston, New York, or Philadelphia, with most staying in that general area. Very few went to the agricultural south because there were nowhere near as many opportunities along with the prevalence of slave labor. The mass addition of new citizens in the US helped grow the economy and helped advance the industrial north with all of the new workers and entrepreneurs who wanted to do the labor and live the American dream by advancing in these industries.

14.  Discuss the changes in labor and production as more people transitioned into factory work. What happened to subsistence and semi-subsistence agriculture?

The changes in labor and production as more people transitioned into factory work changes the economy and worked system with an emphasis on the end of subsistence and semi-subsistence agriculture. As many people became a part of the factory workforce, items became cheaper to make, and mass produced which made goods less expensive. This economic change created a new social class known as the middle class dedicated to labor and production with the idea of the self-made man. A major change in labor was the shift with wages and independent versus dependent working. Before, a lot of people did independent farming or were artisans where they decided their own wages and worked on their own clock with no boss. With the new factory system, workers were subjected to the will of their boss which created problems with long hours, low wages, and dangerous work areas. The idea of working on the clock was extremely new because it did not matter how much was produced, it mattered how long one worked which was drastically different to the independent businesses. This caused the formation of unions and protests to protect the rights of workers. This lack of farmers with the transition into factories resulted in people no longer growing their own food largely because of the long work hours and lack of money. This was the end of subsistence and semi-subsistence farming which was when families would grow their own food; they were no longer self-sufficient. Instead, farmers would mass produce goods to be sold in cities in exchanged for the mass-produced industrial items. As life progressed with this new system, northern homes no longer had the room or resources to grow their own food even if they wanted to resulting in the eradication of subsistence and semi-subsistence agriculture in the north. The southern farms transition to mass-production further eradicated the subsistence agriculture in the south. The labor system continued to change which resulted in the Commonwealth v. Hunt which allowed peaceful unions to negotiate with employers through labor contracts. Laws would come protecting the rights of workers regarding workdays and low wages. The changes in labor and production because of the factory work transition advanced the economy, changed the idea of labor and how it works, and changed the agriculture of the region.

15.  How did gender and family roles change in response to the market revolution? What is the meaning of private and public spheres for men and women?

The Market Revolution changes gender and family roles resulting in a change in the private and public spheres for men and women. The changes of these largely effected women starting with the facts that most stopped working on family farms with their husbands, instead doing either domestic service or teaching. This started a change in their political sphere as Republican-Motherhood was previously enforced keeping them in the private sphere, only giving political ideas to their own children. The fact they were now teaching the future generations who would likely be leading politics put them more in the public sphere of politics than they had ever been previously. Previously women had no place working outside of the home, but this obviously changed the gender role. In some places they were even allowed to factory work based on the Lowell System, though it was not common it set the ideal that men were not the only people who could work and gain money. Most of these working women were single, and when they got married, they would become housewives keeping that gender role. Men no longer worked independently, instead they would largely work away from the homes which gave women more control of the household and their lives. The development that came of this was known as the cult of domesticity. In relation to the change of family, arranged marriages became increasingly rare, and many women decided to have fewer children. Men continued to have a bigger public sphere as they could vote and become politicians, but because of them not being home as often, they lost dominance in the private sphere. This is where women took over, they taught their children morals and politics in the home and would be largely in the public sphere before marriage. Despite women having more independence because of the Market Revolution, their legal restrictions would not change for a long time keeping them largely suppressed.

Topic 4.7 Expanding Democracy

Learning Objective: Explain the causes and effects of the expansion of participatory democracy from 1800 to 1848

16.  Explain the nation’s transition into a more participatory democracy. Include expanding suffrage and the growth of political parties.

The nation began becoming a more participatory democracy meaning that people could directly vote on policies and decisions instead of through a representative. To narrow this down, the participatory democracy was specifically towards white men--as the prevalence of equality was rising, the US decided to bring equality in the classes of white men in relation to voting among other things. This would bring equal opportunity to any white man as far as capitalism would take him, the self-made man. This equality was not translated to women or people of color. The common man would now be able to contribute to political decisions. The spread of democracy had many contributors such as expanding suffrage, political party growth, newspaper circulation, and better education. Suffrage became a major influence which would give white men of any standing the ability to vote. This would influence many women starting at the end of the 1840s to fight for equal rights. There was much change in the workings of political parties. The major ideal that contributed to a participatory democracy was the start of party nominating conventions which helped transition out of the caucus system. These were open to popular participation and allowed citizens to have direct influences in nominating people for standing in government; the first to do this was the Anti-Masonic Party. Next, most states adopted the system of the people electing the presidential electors making the democracy more involved directly with the people. The two-party system allowed citizens to become more involved with their political views and helped the campaigns to grow to a national scale. The rise of third parties made it so people were not forced to agree the two parties, they could have their own political influence despite not really having a chance of winning any election. There was also an increase in the number of elected offices helping voters to have more voice in the government and increased the people’s interest in the elections. Popular campaigning helped candidates get in involved with their supporters while increasing unity among the party. The introduction of the spoils system also effected the control of the political parties in office. The nation’s transition into a more participatory democracy was largely due expanding suffrage and the growth of political parties despite the democracy only applying to white males.

Topic 4.8 Jackson and Federal Power

Learning Objective: Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848.

17. Explain the rise of the Democrats led by Andrew Jackson and the Whig Party led by Henry Clay. How did they differ on issues such as the  

·      national bank 

The Democrats and Whigs had two different views of the Bank of the United States like the views of the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The Democrats led by Andrew Jackson opposed the Bank of the Unites States believing it was unconstitutional, only helped the upper class, and that is abused its powers. The Whig party led by Henry Clay supported the national bank as it was a part of the American System, and he believed it supported the US economically. They also trusted Nicholas Biddle who was the president of the bank to manage it. In the election year of 1832, Clay had influenced most of the Congress to recharter the nation bank going directly against Jackson. In response, Jackson vetoed the bill because of private monopoly, favoring foreigners, and a “hydra of corruption.” Jackson would go on to win the election despite hindering the US economically with his rivalry.

·      Tariffs 

On the terms of tariffs, these two parties were extremely conflicted. As a part of Clay’s American System, he supported the addition of tariffs, specifically protective tariffs. The Whigs however did not support these protective tariffs shown by Jackson favoring states’ rights. The major conflict of these parties on the topic of tariffs was the Tariff of Abominations which was declared to be unconstitutional by the South Carolina legislature because of how drastically it increased taxes on imported goods. This added to the nullification theory which said that a state could declare a federal law null or void like in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. This led to the Webster-Hayne debate when Hayne argued for states’ rights, and Webster thought it was seen as a form of defying the Union. This would go on to become a compromise after Jackson almost marched on South Carolina. He agreed to lower the tariff which settle the dispute between the Democrats and the Whigs for a time.

·      federally funded internal improvements

Both the Democrats and Whigs generally supported the idea of internal improvements, but the Democrats opposed federal spending for it while the Whig supported federal spending for it. Jackson was a Jeffersonian, portraying himself as a protector of the common people from abuse from the upper class. One of his points in this was that he directly opposed federal spending and the national debt. He would go on to veto the use of federal funds for the Maysville Road for both rivalry and personal ideas. He saw it was only in Kentucky, so he saw no reason for why it should be federally funded. In addition, that was Henry Clay’s state, so it was done party in vengeance. The Democrats and Whigs would continue to oppose each other on this topic which the Democrats continuing to veto certain actions by the Whigs for internal improvements. Clay especially supported federally funded internal improvements because of his American System which was also opposed by the Democrats.

18.  Discuss the continuing resistance by Native Americans as frontier settlers expanded into the west. How did the federal government relocate American Indian populations?

President Andrew Jackson began by instituting the Indian Removal Act of 1830 when Americans wanted to expand west. He tried to relocate the Natives west of the Mississippi, despite most complying, a few did not want to move because they did not want to leave their traditional lands. This was when the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created to help resettle these tribes. In the court case of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, the Cherokees challenged for their land, but the Supreme Court ruled that they could not sue because they were a foreign nation. The next court case, Worcester v. Georgia had the ruling that Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. These two rulings clashed making tension between the government. This resulted in the Trail of Tears—the horrific relocation of the Cherokees which killed many of them. In 1835 the US Army removed 15,000 Cherokees from their traditional homelands and brought them west which resulted in the death of around 4,000 of them. Despite the Natives continuously trying to preserve their homelands, they did not have the means to fight against the US, either being knocked out by diseases or new military weapons. With the growing drive for westward expansion, the definition of westward territory kept changing. With the westward expansion, the US had no care for the environment and drove species into extinction while damaging the nature. The US did horrible things to expand westward especially regarding the Natives.

Topic 4.9 The Development of an American Culture

Learning Objective: Explain how and why a new national culture developed from 1800 to 1848

19.  Explain the rise of a new national culture that emerged combining American elements with European influences and regional culture.

As America continued to grow, its new national culture rose from a combination of American elements with European influences and regional culture. The main idea of American culture was nationalism and patriotism; Americans truly believed in their country along with its prosperity. These ideals would come to influence would come to influence art, literature, and architecture. Despite having its own distinct new culture, they took many ideas from Europe like they had in the American Revolution with the social contract. At this point the Enlightenment was having less and less influence on American culture. This was drifting from the ideas of order, reason, intuition, balance, heroism, and nature. This inspired a new movement known as romanticism, which originated in Europe and eventually made it over to America, and the group that used these ideas in the US were known as transcendentalists. The two most famous of these were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau who argued for finding oneself through God. They supported reforms and went directly against ideals in American society saying that art was more important than pursing wealth. The ideas provided from romanticism would lead to furthering the American ideal of justice. Despite Emerson not wanted American culture to imitate European culture, he did take many ideas from there. Without the effects of Europe, many ideas of freedom would not have been fought for like with the idea of Civil Disobedience which inspired Martin Luther King Jr. The national culture of the US was a mix of distinctive American culture and European influences and regional culture with an emphasis on the influence of romanticism.

20.  Discuss the liberal social ideas from abroad and romantic beliefs in human perfectibility that influenced literature, art, philosophy, or architecture.

The liberal social ideas from abroad and the romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced art, literature, philosophy, and architecture in the growing United States. In relation to art, genre painting starts to grow in prevalence which is the portraying of the everyday life of ordinary people. There were many examples like George Caleb Bingham who showed the common folk doing their daily chores. William S. Mount made rural compositions. Thomas Cole and Fredrick Church made landscapes which portrayed the heroic beauty of America with the wilderness and rivers. The Hudson River School was soon created to show the dedication to the natural world which was built on romanticism ideas. Literature was another main influence with many transcendentalist authors and others who took ideas from both America and romanticism. The main authors in this category were Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorn, Hermans Melville, and Edgar Allan Poe. All these authors portrayed romantic ideas in a distinctly American way with their focus on American lives with culture and conflicts. Philosophy was greatly changed by the addition of romanticism into the culture by adding new ideas. The main idea was that humans needed to find a mystical and intuitive way of thinking so they could discover one’s inner self and look for the essence of God in nature. They also held other ideals of right and wrong because they opposed slavery and fought with many other independence movements. Lastly, architecture was greatly influenced by the Greeks who glorified the democratic spirit of the republic. This is why much of the US has columned facades which was based on the belief in democracy. The literature, art, philosophy, and architecture in the US was greatly influenced by romantic beliefs and the liberal social ideas from abroad; this grew the American culture and, in the ideals, still held today.

Topic 4.10 The Second Great Awakening

Learning Objective: Explain the causes of the Second Great Awakening

21.  What was the Second Great Awakening and how was it a response to the rise of individualistic beliefs, nationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution?

The Second Great Awakening was the reassertion of the traditional Calvinist teachings of original sun and predestination. It started with the wealthy, specifically Timothy Dwight who was motivated to reassert traditional Puritan beliefs which influenced young men to become evangelical preachers who preached for salvation for all with the democratization currently happening in America. It was greatly in response to the rise of individualistic beliefs, nationalism, and changes to society caused by the Market Revolution. As the American culture was developing, there was an emphasis put on democracy and individualism. These ideas had a lot of influence on politics and the arts which is largely what people viewed religion through. People saw things through their daily lives and with the prevalence of democracy, it changed how people worship and their worldview. America was becoming increasingly more nationalistic and saw most things from the point of view of the country. Changing people’s views of religion was directly caused by people’s shifting views of importance and priorities in their daily lives. At the end of the day, they were committed to their country which influenced the Second Great Awakening. The Market Revolution had a few causes in the Second Great Awakening. First, many people feared the industrial revolution because they thought it was a cause of greed and sin which was true in many ways. It made people want money even more at the expense of people. This caused people to turn to their religion for help. Because of the agricultural changes, many people worshipped differently. Many people now had to worship in settings that were outside formal churches based in rural area. As a result, people became more open to less strict rules on religion when they were just committed to being saved. The Second Great Awakening was largely caused by the rising individualistic beliefs, nationalism, and the Market Revolution because they influenced the changes of people’s worldviews.

Topic 4.11 An Age of Reform

Learning Objective: Explain how and why various reform movements developed and expanded from 1800 to 1848

22.  What are utopian societies? How was it a response to the rise of individualistic beliefs, nationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution?

Utopian societies were the rising idea of making a new kind of society separate from the conventional one to create the ideal community which resulted in the antebellum years in the Unites States. Some examples of these movements were the Shakers, Amana Colonies, New Harmony, Oneida Community, and Fourier Phalanxes. These societies were directly caused by the rise on individualistic beliefs, nationalism, and changes to society caused by the Market Revolution. Individualistic beliefs were on the rise as it was becoming normal to express your own feelings and be your own person which was greatly influenced by the Second Great Awakening which had a special emphasis on democracy. Everyone in the US was trying to get their voices heard over the rest resulting in these utopian societies. Nationalism was becoming a part of the American culture, but many people had different views of what the US was and what it should become. They wanted the best for their country, so in an effort to make this happen, they created these new societies to help America. The Market Revolution was changing America in many ways, but one of them was making an increasingly complicated relationship with people’s roles and slavery. It helped transform the role of woman; they could now work. This brought ideas of gaining true equality for the women in the world because they had finally made some progress. It also made more people go against slavery despite relying on it no matter where they lived. The north relied on slavery because of the cotton complex, but they still opposed it and fought against it. Many people started anti-slavery movements along with free African Americans a lot because of the increased reliance on slaves in the Market Revolution. It also proved you could get labor from other places like the factories in the north without enslaving people. These utopian societies were made because of the injustices people saw in the world which they strove to change; these were influenced by the rise of individualistic beliefs, nationalism, and changes to society caused by the Market Revolution.

23.  Discuss the rise of voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society.

Include temperance and other benevolent societies.

There were many voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society such as those involved in the temperance movements, public asylums movements, public education movements, antislavery movement and women’s rights movements. There were two major temperance movements in the US at the time: American Temperance Society and Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. The temperance movement was when reformers targeted alcoholism for affecting their country—crime, poverty, abuse, other social issues—so they tried to push people to be totally abstinent. The American Temperance Society made mostly by Protestant ministers influenced a group of Washingtonians would were addicts to preach of how bad it was for them. This reform would eventually become the 18^th Amendment in the Constitution which banned the sale of alcohol. All these people were fighting for the good of the citizens of the US to have better individualistic behaviors like not being drunk all the time which would improve the overall society. The Movement for Public Asylums was another benevolent formation of societies which advocated to help the criminals, mentally ill, and paupers to go to public institutions like state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses which would hopefully help them get better. Dorthea Dix was a schoolteacher who saw the horrors of how a mentally ill person was in prison, so she fought to build new mental hospitals, and it worked. Thomas Gallaudet and Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe separately opened schools for blind and deaf persons which helped people with disabilities. The movement for prisons resulted in the asylum movement which suggested that the discipline of the new prisons would bring the prisoner’s moral reform. These voluntary organizations wanted to help people who could not or did not want to help themselves, so they took it upon themselves to advocate for these new institutions to improve society and the lives of these people. The rise of public education was largely due to the fears of the middle-class citizen of the growing amount of uneducated, poor citizens who were not white effecting the growing republic. This resulted in the Free Common Schools by Horace Mann who actively fought for free education. He also fought for a moral education with many other people. These reformers wanted to ensure the future of their country and the citizens in it. The Women’s Rights movement started largely because of the Industrial Revolution which changed the family size and gave women more freedom to become a part of religious and moral organizations. The Women’s Rights Movement and the Seneca Falls Convention showed the rising feminists who were advocating for the change of the equality in the individualistic behaviors and the overall improvement of society by having women not forced into a home. Lastly, the Antislavery Movement started because it was moral debate that had been going on for a while at this point. This society had been rising for a while but gained prevalence during this time in order to change the individualistic behaviors of White Americans and improve the society to a more humane place. These voluntary organizations aimed to change individualistic behaviors and improve society for American and its citizens in the interest of common good.

24.  Explain the growth of antislavery movements in the North.

The growth of the Antislavery Movement in the north started with the American Colonization Society. Despite it being extremely racist being that it tried to send slaves back to Africa because they wanted them to be free but still did not consider them equals, it did start a legitimate fight for freedom. This was in 1822 and resettled 12,000 African Americans to Liberia which helped them gain freedom. Unfortunately, most slave owners did not want to just give up their slaves, and 12,000 was an extremely small portion of slaves in American at the time. The next this that came about was the American Antislavery Society which came about in 1831 when William Lloyd Garrison published The Liberator in an abolitionist newspaper. He along with other abolitionists founded thew society and advocated for the immediate abolishment of slavery. He would go on to burn the Constitution claiming it was a proslavery document which many people were angry with. The continued making the idea that the slaveholders were not a part of the Union until they freed their slaves. Garrison was extremely radical, so another abolitionist movement arose called the Liberty Party which was a group of northerners who wanted to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means. Some free slaves started their own Black Abolitionists movement with influential people like Fredrick Douglass who fought against the brutality because they had experienced it themselves. Along with Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth, and William Still, he helped organize efforts to help slaves escape to the north. The Antislavery Movement was by far the most influential movement of its time which rose in the north with the abolitionists who fought for change.

25.  Explain the rise of the women’s rights movement and the Seneca Falls convention.

The rise of the women’s rights movement largely started with the Industrial Revolution which changed gender roles as well as having the demographic transition. This caused women to get more involved with organizations with religion and morals. This is when the cult of domesticity arose which was when most men left the home for most of the day leaving the role of morality to the women to teach their kids. The actual women’s rights movement grew out of the antislavery movement which many feminist leaders were involved in: Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke, Lucretia, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. All of these women and more were excluded from the policy discussions and barred from speaking at conventions. As they saw this was unjust, they made the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 which was the first women’s rights convention in American history. At this convention, they created the “Declaration of Sentiments” which held the view that all men and women are created equal in opposition to the Declaration of Independence which stated that all men are created equal. This document also fought against other discriminations and laws placed against them. After, Stanton and Susan B. Anthony advocated for equal rights to voting, property, and legal rights. Despite these efforts it ended up being overshadowed by the antislavery movement and controversies, but it was revied and eventually led to reform with women being able to vote in 1920 among other developments.

Topic 4.12 African Americans in the Early Republic

Learning Objective: Explain the continuities and changes in the experience of African-Americans from 1800 to 1848

26.  Identify and explain unsuccessful slave rebellions in the south such as Nat Turner’s Rebellion.

There were three major unsuccessful slave rebellions in the south: Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner. The Gabriel Prosser Rebellion was in Richmond, Virginia, 1800 when Prosser gathered about a thousand enslaved people to rebel, but before they enacted their terror, they were betrayed. The plan got leaked and Gabriel as well as many of his followers were executed. The second was the Denmark Vesey Rebellion which was planned for Bastille Day of 1822 in Charleston, South Carolina. Vesey was a free African American who gathered supporters at the African Methodist Church. They were inspired by the Bible and the Missouri Compromise to make change, so they planned to seize ships in the harbor and sail to their freedom likely in Haiti. Vesey and thirty of his coconspirators were hanged after their plan was leaked. Last was Nat Turners Rebellion which was in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831. Turner was sometimes considered a religious zealot. He organized an uprising and in a single day killed over fifty people. They rebels were quickly stopped by the militia and killed along with many innocent African Americans. These unsuccessful slave rebellions resulted in hope for the enslaved, but influenced the tightening of slave codes and made the slave owners more defensive about slavery.

27.  Explain how enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures. How did the join in the political efforts aimed at changing their status.

Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures to change their status. They did a few things: restrained actions, runaway, rebel, and formed congregations. Many free African Americans in the north formed Christian Congregations instead of attending white dominated churches. The formation of these created the African Methodist Episcopal Church. The more daily form of rebellion was restrained actions. Many slaves would organize work slowdowns and equipment sabotages as a form of defiance. Running away was a more difficult form of rebellion, but for those who were able to, it helped their lives immensely. The growth of the Underground Railroad helped more slaves escape to their freedom. Once one was out, they could make attempts at helping their family and supporting abolitionist groups. They also planned slave rebellions which normally did not turn out that well as they often resulted in the creation of stricter slave codes. But they did give slaves hope and dignity back showing that they are people and are willing to stand up for their rights. This also helped them stand up for the future of their families and their well-being. The join in political efforts aimed to change their political status by trying to help them become free and have a part in the abolitionist movement. These ideals and movements which would eventually lead to the Civil War which truly changed the status of slaves and free African Americans in America.

Topic 4.13 The Society of the South in the Early Republic

Learning Objective: Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of the South from 1800 to 1848.

28.  Although majority of southerners did not own any slaves, why did they support the slave institution?

Although many southerners did not own any slaves, they supported the slave institution for a two main reasons: the economy and personal gain. The institution of slavery helped the economy immensely with the cheap cotton and the lack of inflation which it helped with. It supported what they needed to buy especially regarding clothing. Though the major reason was the opportunity of personal gain. Most of the southern population was poor white known as “hillbillies” and did not own enslaved people—this was three-fourths of the white southern households. Despite not knowing slaves because they could not afford the lands or slaves, the defended the system. This is because they held the hope that someday they could own slaves and prosper economically. It also fed their ego because it meant despite being known as “poor white trash,” they still felt superior to African Americans, enslaved and free. The support of the slave institution in the south was supported by everyone and was not dependent on owning them because of the hope that one day it could benefit them.

29.  Explain the distinct southern economy that continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples.

The distinct southern economy relied on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples that kept the south from industrializing. The production and export of cotton was crucial to the economy of the south. The production was furthered by Eli Whitney’s cotton gin which made the production process more efficient. This agricultural staple originated in South Carolina and Georgia and spread throughout the south; it would eventually come to support the northern industries. Because of the reliance on cotton, the south was also very dependent on slaves for the production aspect. This made cloth affordable nationwide. Enslaved people labored on fields and learned skills to work on their plantations. Many people sold their slaves for high prices which greatly helped the economy and kept inflation down. The distinct southern economy continued to rely of the production with slave labor and the export for the mass income which came from the northern industries and many other places which was supported by the growth of cotton which was a traditional agricultural staple. This kept the south alive and prospering economically, b