Perfect Unison: This interval consists of the same note played twice.

Major 2nd: This interval consists of two notes with a distance of a whole step between them.

Major 3rd: This interval consists of two notes with a distance of two whole steps between them.

Perfect 4th: This interval consists of two notes with a distance of two whole steps and one-half step between them.

Perfect 5th: This interval consists of two notes with a distance of three whole steps and one-half step between them.

Perfect 8th (Octave): This interval consists of two notes with the same letter name but different octaves.

Major Scale: The C major scale starts on C and follows the pattern C-D-E-F-G-A-B.

Harmonic Minor Scale: The A harmonic minor scale starts on A and follows the pattern A-B-C-D-E-F-G♯.

Pentatonic Scale: The C pentatonic major scale consists of the notes C-D-E-G-A.

Major Chord: A major chord is a triad consisting of three notes: the root, the major third, and the perfect fifth. It has a bright and happy sound, often associated with feelings of stability and contentment. For example, the C major chord consists of the notes C, E, and G.

Minor Chord: A minor chord is also a triad consisting of three notes: the root, the minor third, and the perfect fifth. It has a darker and more somber sound compared to major chords, often conveying feelings of melancholy or introspection. For example, the C minor chord consists of the notes C, E♭, and G.

Andante: This term indicates a moderate tempo, typically translating to "at a walking pace."

Allegro: Allegro signifies a lively and fast tempo, often conveying a sense of energy and excitement.
Crescendo: This term instructs the musician to gradually increase the volume or intensity of the music.

Diminuendo: Diminuendo, also known as decrescendo, directs the musician to gradually decrease the volume or intensity of the music.

Forte (f): Forte means "loud" in Italian. It indicates that a passage of music should be played or sung loudly.

Piano (p): Piano means "soft" in Italian. It instructs the musician to play or sing a passage of music softly.

Legato: Legato refers to playing or singing notes smoothly and connectedly, without any noticeable breaks between them.

Staccato: Staccato instructs the musician to play or sing notes with a short and detached sound, creating space between each note.

Largo: This term indicates a very slow tempo, often conveying a sense of grandeur and solemnity.

Presto: Presto signifies a fast tempo, often translating to "quick" or "rapid."

Vivace: Vivace means "quick" or "lively" in Italian. It instructs the musician to play or sing with a lively and brisk tempo.

Rallentando (rall.): Rallentando directs the musician to gradually slow down the tempo of the music.

Ritardando (rit. / ritard.): Ritardando, abbreviated as "rit." or "ritard.," instructs the musician to gradually decrease the tempo of the music, similar to rallentando.

A tempo: A tempo instructs the musician to return to the previous tempo after a deviation such as rallentando or ritardando.

Fortissimo (ff): Fortissimo means "very loud" in Italian. It indicates that a passage of music should be played or sung very loudly.

Pianissimo (pp): Pianissimo means "very soft" in Italian. It instructs the musician to play or sing a passage of music very softly.

Chord 1 I: In the key of C major, chord I is a C major chord (C-E-G).

Chord 4 IV: In the key of C major, chord IV is an F major chord (F-A-C).

Chord 5 V: In the key of C major, chord V is a G major chord (G-B-D).

Chord 6 vi: In the key of C major, chord vi is an A minor chord (A-C-E).