Untitled Flashcards Set

• 16.1 Distinguish between an endocrine and an exocrine gland • 16.2 Define a hormone and describe how they are transported through the body • 16.3 Compare how endocrine signaling differs from neural signaling. • 16.4 Identify the major endocrine organs/glands of the endocrine system, the major hormones they produce, and the major function of those hormones. o Hypothalamus o Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior) o Thyroid o Parathyroid o Adrenal gland o Pancreas Chapter 11 Objectives • 11.1 Summarize the functions of the urinary system • 11.2 Identify the organs of the urinary system • 11.3 Identify the structures of a human kidney • 11.4 Identify the structures of the nephron and state the function of each • 11.5 Summarize the three processes involved in the formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. • 11.6 Describe the path of urine out of the body • 11.7 Identify some molecules that are commonly found in urine, and some molecules that should generally not be found in urine (without a clinical diagnosis) Chapter 17 Objectives • 17.1 List the functions of the human testicular and ovarian systems (reproductive systems) • 17.2 Review the differences between mitosis and meiosis. • 17.3 Identify the major structures of the testicular system and provide a function for each • 17.4 Describe the location and process of spermatogenesis • 17.5 Identify the structures of the female reproductive system and provide a function for each • 17.6 List the stages of the ovarian cycle and what is occurring in each stage • 17.7 Summarize how estrogen and progesterone influence the ovarian cycle and uterine cycle PART 2 – Comprehensive Review Note: The idea behind a comprehensive review is to see what you have retained during the semester. When you say you have taken a Human Biology course, what are the major themes that you will take with you forward into your life or future classes. The idea here is that you will spend some time looking back through your notes, learning objectives, and slides to refresh your memory. It is a true review of the content. You’ve spent lots of time and energy learning the information, so bring it back to the front of your mind. Here are some of the biggest Learning Objectives I’ve selected to better focus your review to the biggest ideas and concepts. Chapter 1 • Describe and arrange the levels of the organization of life • Describe the general process of the scientific method • Define "One Health" and describe how human biology is connected to climate and biodiversity Chapter 2 • Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic, both in terms of how these molecules behave in water as well as their charge • Interpret how acidic or basic (alkaline) a solution is based on its pH value. • List the four major macromolecule types, the bonds that link them, their respective monomers, and provide some functions associated with specific types (e.g. DNA vs. RNA, Glycogen vs. Starch, Steroids vs. Phospholipids vs. Triglycerides) [modified combination of multiple objectives]. • Describe the processes used to assemble and disassemble macromolecules (dehydration reaction and hydrolysis reaction) • Explain the biological significance of the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chapter 3 • Compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cellular characteristics • Define semi-permeable and distinguish between the process of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport, passive transport, and active transport. [modified combination of multiple objectives]. • Describe the functions of the following organelles: nucleus, plasma membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, vesicle, ribosome, microtubules, actin, and mitochondrion. [modified combination of multiple objectives] • Write out the chemical equation for cellular respiration. • Know the major inputs and outputs of each step of using glucose to make ATP: o Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation & Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), Electron Transport Chain, Fermentation Chapter 22 • Define the three processes that make up the flow of genetic information, i.e. the Central Dogma (of molecular biology) • Transcribe a sequence of DNA (3' to 5') into mRNA (5' to 3'). • Use a codon table to read a mRNA sequence (5' to 3') to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein that would be made. Chapter 19 • Explain the purpose of mitosis, explain the events that occur in each stage of mitosis including cytokinesis [modified combination of multiple objectives]. • List the stages of meiosis and describe what occurs in each stage, and how it contributes to genetic variation [modified combination of multiple objectives]. • Distinguish between meiosis and mitosis with regard to the number of divisions and the number of chromosome content of the resulting cells Chapter 21 • Define genotype and a phenotype, and define allele, gene, dominant, and recessive as they relate to patterns of inheritance [modified combination of multiple objectives]. • Calculate the probability of a specific genotype or phenotype in an offspring of a genetic cross Chapter 4 • Describe the four major classes of tissue and provide a general function for each • Distinguish between the different forms of epithelial tissue with regard to cell shape, location, and function. • List the 11 organ systems of the body and list major organ(s) and function(s) of each • Identify the major cavities of the human body: cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity. • Define and use the following anatomical directional terms: anterior, posterior, lateral, medial, superior, inferior, proximal, and distal. • Define homeostasis and provide an example, and distinguish between positive feedback and negative feedback [modified combination of multiple objectives]. Integumentary System (Chapter 4) • Explain the function(s) of human skin • Describe the structure of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis and put them in the correct order. Cardiovascular System (Chapters 5&6) Heart and Vessels (Chapter 5) • Identify the three components of the cardiovascular system and their functions • Describe the structure and function of the three types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins • Describe the flow of blood through the human heart. • Explain the internal and external controls of the heartbeat: Sinoatrial (SA) node and atrioventricular (AV) node, and parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system (more on nervous system later). • Explain how blood flow and pressure differ in veins, arteries, and capillaries. Blood (Chapter 6) • List the functions of blood in the human body. • List the formed elements (cells) of the blood, identify them visually, and provide a function of each. • Describe in detail the mechanism of how O2 (oxygen) and CO2 (carbon dioxide) are transported in the blood. • Explain what determines blood types in human (ABO Groups and Rh factor), and predict blood type compatibility for blood transfusion [modified combination of multiple objectives]. Lymphatic System & Immune “System” (Chapter 7) Lymphatic System • Describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system • List and define the two primary lymphatic organs and their locations. • List and define the basic functions and locations of the following secondary lymphatic organs: spleen and lymph node. • Define and describe the innate immune system and give some specific examples from what we discussed in class. • Define and describe the adaptive immune system, and list the two types of adaptive immunity. • Describe the function of T-cells (T-lymphocytes) and B-cells (B-lymphocytes). Digestive System (Chapter 9) • State the function of and correctly order each organ of the Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract): Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. • List the 5 processes of digestion and give an example of where each occurs in the body. • Describe the structure of the small intestine and explain its role in digestion • Explain the functions, and list the secretions of the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder during digestion [modified combination of multiple objectives]. Respiratory System (Chapter 10) • Summarize the role of the respiratory system in homeostasis • Identify the structures of the human respiratory system. • Contrast the processes of inspiration and expiration during ventilation • Describe how pressure and volume relate to each other (Boyle's Law) • Explain the role of chemoreceptors and pH levels in regulating breathing rate • Distinguish between external and internal respiration Skeletal System (Chapter 12) • State the functions of the skeletal system • List the three types of cartilage found in the body and provide a function of each • Define the axial skeleton and identify the bones of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and rib cage • Define appendicular skeleton and identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb and pectoral girdle and upper limb • Summarize the types of movement made possible by a synovial joint • Summarize the process of ossification and list the types of cells involved Muscular System (Chapter 13) • List the three types of muscle tissue and provide a function of each • Describe the general structure of a skeletal muscle • Identify the structures of a muscle fiber • Explain how the sliding filament model is responsible for muscle contraction • Summarize how the activities within the neuromuscular junction control muscle fiber contraction Nervous System (Chapter 14) • Distinguish between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) with regard to location and function • List the three types of neurons and provide a function for each • Summarize the activities that generate and propagate an action potential • Identify the basic structures of the brain (areas, lobes, brainstem) and provide a function for each [modified combination of multiple objectives]. • Distinguish between the somatic and autonomic divisions of the peripheral nervous system • Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic division.