American History ch 8 Lecture Transcipt

Okay, so now we're on Chapter 8, the emergence of a market economy, 1815 to 1850. This particular chapter is going to trace the economic, technological, and social developments that poised the United States to grow into an industrial and manufacturing powerhouse. It begins with a discussion of the advancements in agriculture, transportation, communication technologies, and the rise of industrialization. We're also going to discuss immigration, nativism and the growth of cities as well as developments in labor unions, early labor unions and the rise of the professions. The War of 1812 is over Americans are ready to get down to business of growth and expansion. There's a lot of possibilities that exist. The international markets have reopened. American, the American Midwest, the North and the South are all going to push for their own interest during this time period. Slavery, it will expand. Cotton will become King in the South. Manufacturing will grow in the North. Big farms will grow the nation's food in the Midwest. And as I've already said, the North will, Northeast will experience industrial development. The middle-class will be born with the industrial inside of the industrial factories of the, of New England and the middle colonies are sorry, Middle States. By 1850. By the end of this chapter, the United States is the world's fastest growing market. So it's pretty interesting that we're going to see. So we're going to see a lot of changes with this chapter. And during this period, a lot of, lot of changes. Some for the good, some not so good. So let's jump right into The Market Revolution. People who had lived on a subsistence level during the 1700s, they grew enough cash crops and raised enough animals to feed their families. But during the 19th century, many people begin to produce a surplus of goods to sell locally, nationally and even internationally. They sold for cash if they could, and bought what they needed to live. This was commercial agriculture. And the workers, not the owners, were slaves in the South and mainly immigrant workers elsewhere. Nationally, this early market economy causes standard of living to rise and opportunities to grow. Get these commercial goods to market. The nation needed infrastructure, they needed a new transportation system. The belief spread during this period that individuals should have equal opportunities to advance through their abilities and their hard work. And when I talk about individuals here, Of course I'm talking about primarily white men, but that doesn't necessarily have to mean american born, and it can be immigrants as well. So let's look at some of those changes that we're going to start with infrastructure, the growth of the infrastructure. So as you get a surplus of goods, whether you're doing it on your farm with your wheat, cotton, so on, so forth. Or whether you're doing it with your manufactured goods like in the Northeast, there is a need to, to get those goods to market. Well, the first thing you need is a transportation system in order to get that done. So let's talk about changes in transportation, the transportation revolution, if you will. Well, went as we move into 1815 and beyond, remember our time period here we're looking at their larger wagons call Conestoga wagons actually that are, are produced and a better system of stage coaches along the way. They can haul more and they can haul it faster. In 1803, the federal government funds what you call them, what we call the National Road, was a road that went from the East Coast westward and westward of courses like Illinois. But the idea was that as America expanded, it will continue to go westward. It is, the National Road is the very first interstate road financed by the federal government. So the National Road also allows for faster westward movement. New....I mean that's the big road that's going to connect and go through multiple states. Now there are all kinds of other new roads built as well. By 1821, there are 4 thousand miles of turnpikes in the north. Much of it either gravel or paved. If you take a look down there on the bottom left, there, they're graveling a road and building a right proper road. That might be an individual who puts up the money. And then turnpikes. If you maybe you go up, if you've ever traveled up north, north, there's turnpikes all over the place. You pay to drive on the road. So the idea is it's kind of like a business. The individual puts up money, pays for the road construction, and then charges people to drive on it. Or ride across in this case, carried goods on it. So it'd be so much for a horse, so much for a walker, so much for a wagon, so on and so forth. But 4 thousand miles by 1821 in turnpikes in the North. These new roads, not only in the North but in various places across the nation, will allow freight companies to start where they will ship goods and people. So it would be the modern like the modern-day equivalent of the UPS or FedEx or so on and so forth. Regular roads looking at the bottom left-hand side down their roads or are the first step instead of Indian paths and tracks and very.... not definitely not all weather roads. So in the wintertime or in the springtime of many of these roads, old roads would have been impossible travel. Now, they're making them where you can go. Pretty much all all year round. The next area is on water, flat boat would travel smaller rivers and waterways. Basically think of just a big flat bottom boat, but that would be pushed with poles or maybe dragged along by mule sometimes from the bank. Those allow you to go into the, the smaller interior areas. But steamboats on the rivers during this time period are the ones that carry the big, huge shipments. Like a top right-hand corner up there in this slide in 1807 is the very first steamboat. Robert Fulton, his boat called the Claremont. And it's placed on the Hudson River. That's 1807, the very first boat. By 1836. There are 750 steamboats nationally going up and down the rivers. These steamboats turn, turned American rivers into major routes of commerce, transforming in the economy of the Old Northwest, but especially the Mississippi River Valley. Big time. Also in water fits in the water category is is the building of the canals. And 1825, we have the Erie Canal, which connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, 40 feet wide. When we think of canals and the Erie Canal, you a lot of times we think of this monstrous canal, but yes, it's 40 feet wide, what seems kinda long or wide, but it's only four feet deep. Just enough to float these heavy barges. It's 363 miles long. And when it gets finished, It's the longest canal in the world. And because of the ease of floating these goods instead of try and carry them along with wagons and whatnot, it will drop. Shipping cost basically from $100 a ton down to $5 a ton. There you can imagine what that does to the price of goods, reduces the price of goods overall because it doesn't cost so much to ship it. American manufactured goods flow through to the rest of the nation and the world down the Erie Canal. It connected the economies of Midwest and the East, turning New York into a major commercial and international trading center. The success of the Erie Canal spurred more canals to be built and connected small towns that quickly became big cities, Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, Albany, Syracuse. These canals transform their economies. New York, because of the success of the Erie Canal and because it became that major commercial international trading center, New York City's would become the first, very first city with 1 million people in it. By not, sorry, by 1860. The Erie Canal ties the Midwest to the east, mid-west, to the east that increasingly isolates the South. By 1837, there are over 3 thousand canals nationally. The next on our list of transportation revolution is the railroads. In 1830 United States had only 23 miles of track. In 1840, The United States had 3,328 miles of track, and 20 years later, 30,626 miles and it began to pass. Canals in tonnage of fright hauled. Railroads could operate year round. They were two times faster than States coach stage coaches, four times faster than boats. Because of the railroad expansion, that meant more westward expansion and more growth. They really interconnected the nation. Small towns connected to larger ones. Shipping went down by 95%, and of course, sped up shipping and travel time. All this is. Money saving. Railroads become the largest corporations and employers. Power, however, often meant corruption and many times railroads would end up paying bribes to politicians and there was a lot of corruption going on, a lot of money going on with that. So even though, I mean, even though they had a lot of benefit nationally to the growth of the American economy. And individuals. They also, we're not so great because they sped up the Native American decline, because railroads made it easier to go West. And so that meant that the Native Americans were pushed out even further earlier. So did the government assist? Alright, don't have a slide for this one. I forgot. Did the government assist in building railroads? Well, absolutely a 100 percent yes. Because railroad building, especially through your towns, cities and state, meant success, economic opportunity. It meant all kinds of things that we already talked about, reduced shipping, access to other markets. State and federal governments and private investors all supported the railroads. States and the federal government gave tax concessions. They gave land to them...land grants, just gave a miles and miles and miles of land. Sometimes they bought stocks in companies, which is a way of indirect funding them. The federal government will reduce tariffs on iron to bring more iron into the country. Some states even be, sorry, built their own railroad lines. So the American government, States... state governments and private investors were all very much involved in the development, expansion, and growth of the railroads in the United States. So the next area of transportation revolution, and again, these are all coinciding happening side-by-side, which is kind of amazing, occurs on the ocean. And we look down in the bottom right-hand corner over there. And that is a clipper ship. Americans wanted Chinese tea and they wanted Chinese opium, and these products needed speed to get from China over to the United States. And clipper ships started a route from California to China. And back. Clipper ships, if you can see, are long and sleek and super fast. They doubled the speed of the old merchant vessels and they linked to the world. They link the world markets quicker. But unfortunately, they can't haul much. They're built for speed. So by the end of the war (1812) and more technology, steamships and railroads, the combination of those will replace the old clipper ships. But if you read any sort...if you are any kind of ocean person or like the ships or ocean-going vessels and stuff like that. I've read several places that this is kinda the heyday of ocean-going...these ships were some of the most magnificent and beautiful ships that had ever been seen in the history of mankind on the oceans. Okay, so those are the revolutions, revolutions in transportation, those are big changes in transportation which all had long-lasting, significant, sorry, that consequences not consequent.... Yeah, consequences. So Along with transportation revolutions, we also get revolution, a revolution in communication. The transportation revolution causes a communication revolution. All of these new faster travel ways allows for news. to travel faster too. We're going to click the click off a few things. Newspapers, post offices, Wells Fargo, Pony Express, and Telegraph... newspapers first. a new printing press causes newspapers to drop from $0.06 each to $0.01. Penny papers one cent is all it took. Newspaper numbers grew. Lots of people read in 1790, in the entire nation, there's 92 weekly newspapers in 1790. By 1810, that's 20 years later. There's 371. And some of those went from weekly to daily newspaper. The post office, writing letters and mail delivery increased. In 1790. There's 75 post offices in the entire nation. By 1860, there's 28,000 almost 500..28,498 So writing letters and mail delivery increases. Also they are sending these letters through the post office which are getting, I mean, all these things are getting on.... the railroads are carrying the mail. The Pony Express is going to be carrying the mail. These clipper ships are carrying the mail. Any, anytime you have a freight, stage coaches are carrying the mail. So the mail gets carried in a variety of different ways. The next section is Wells Fargo, again under Communication Revolution, Henry Wells and William Fargo, where will start a delivery service in 1852, where their stage coaches. will haul mail, people, and gold across the nation. This is not for big freight. This is more like just hauling mail, people, and gold. And they set up the stage, States why I call stages, because I go in stages. So they have fresh horses every so often to be able to change out their teams on their coaches and carries people a long ways. And on these different stage coach stops. You can get a drink of water or maybe there's a toilet there. Maybe have something to eat. And if you had to, you could stay overnight. The next is the Pony Express. In 1860, we have the Pony Express Company. It was started to carry the mail from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California with 184 relay stations, 400 horses and a 120 riders. So they take off at St. Joe, Missouri, St. Joseph, for Sacramento. And every so often 10 to 12 miles, there will be another relay station. And you would switch horses and you would ride through so many stops. And then you would get off and rest, but you will get the mail to another rider and they would take off. They can make the trip in 10 days. On average. The Pony Express lasted only 18 months because of the expansion of the telegraph, which you can see the picture up here on the right-hand side. The Morse telegraph key Samuel Morse will develop the telegraph in 1840s. And pretty much wherever the railroad, when they would string telegraph wires. And they, these telegraphs begin to connect all the major cities. The telegraph also improve the efficiency and safety of railroad transportation. Because when you have a railroad line that goes off down through the countryside, you can coordinate when one trains come in one way and one trains go in the other, but not all the time. So sometimes accidents happened and trains would be on the same track going in the opposite direction. But when you have a telegraph, at least you can coordinate between train stations and let people know there's a train coming that direction. So it really improve the safety of the railroads. It also helped with the efficiency because it told people what time it left and when time they expected, and so on and so forth. So there's a tremendous communications revolution. Let's talk about, so that's a revolution in transportation, a revolution in communication. And so now we'll talk about the industrial, Industrial Revolution, which is a revolution really in manufacturing. Mass production is born with the ability to sell to many customers. Now, you can reach many customers thanks to the Transportation Revolution. The Industrial Revolution centered on the invention of the steam engine. It allowed for machines to operate anywhere, not just stuck to where you would have a waterwheel, like over here on the left where you had to have a running stream to operate machinery and stuff. But the steam engine, you could set it up anywhere. Textile manufacturing growth in textile mills with water powered machines starting then coal. And coal turned it into a steam steam engine. They are the first and the first real American factories made cotton cloth or Cotton textiles. Clothes were hot and cotton was light and cool. And so as soon as that was available, you could spin that cotton into thread and take the thread and then turn it into cloth and then make clothes out of it. It just pretty much exploded. Around the world. New England had a lot of streams. So this started with the water wheels. Before a 1815. By the time we get to 1815, New England had a lot of different textile mills. Artisans and craftsmen. Skilled workers are getting pushed out because machines are starting to make all sorts of different kind of products. Not only that, the clothes but other sorts of things. Great example is Goodyear. And rubber. Can Vulcanize, what's called vulcanized, Which makes rubber into a hard consistency. So they make things like ...on the bottom right-hand side over here. That's good Goodyear button. That can make buttons and shoes and boots and gaskets, hoses and all that sort of thing. And that made it big. And then later on when there's a need for tires, that'll be a big thing. Howe will make a sewing machine and it reduced, of course, you can imagine reducing the time and making clothes. Howe makes the first sewing machine pretty much on an industrial level. But it doesn't take long to scale that down and put that inside of people's homes. Also people are able to, during this time period, they're manufacturing bathtubs and and gaslighting. Ice boxes, not refrigerators, but icebox is where you take a big chunk of ice and put it in there. Keep things cold. Indoor plumbing, cook stoves of course. Go from wood to coal, clocks, guns, plows, watches, all those things are mass produced as opposed to built individually, which made them really expensive. But you can mass produce them. That meant that you can, there are a lot cheaper and you've got a lot more customers out there. You also have the first sewer systems that go in to the United States, especially as those bigger cities grow, definitely need a way to get the the, the sewage outside of the cities. Simply because of sickness. I mean, it makes a tremendous difference in the quality of life for people for sure. So if you take a look at the top right-hand corner up there, That's the McCormick reaper and we'll talk about that in a little bit. But that's what the McCormick wheat reaper looks like. So it's got two people in a team of horses in there. They're harvesting wheat. But keep that in mind when we talk about here in a little bit under Midwest thing, sorry, Midwest farming. Okay, So talking about manufacturing, particularly clothing. Take a look over here to our left, right here, this is what it would be. So that would be spinning and these belts would come down and they would turn the machines. And that would run... All the machines inside. This is power loom. So it's creating that cotton cloth on there from thread. Anyway, the Lowell system that develops, actually develops in Massachusetts. And it is developed by a guy named Francis Lowell. He starts a water powered factory, was spinning and weaving machines under one roof. That's kind of the, one of the key things is all this stuff is under one roof. Starts it in 1813 near Boston. Basically, it's a large capital investment, a big layout. And they concentrate all the production in the plant under one management, an under one roof, and you use minimally Minimally skilled workers. I just have to make sure the machines are working properly. Basically. Lowell hires women for their dexterity and they are cheaper than men. Pay them about $2.50 a week. New England at the time the 1820s, has a surplus of women, women that went to work there. These young unmarried women were referred to as the Lowell girls. They tell the parents of these girls, you know, will take care of the girls with discipline, education, good food, good wages, decent work, religion and so on and so forth. The Lowell system becomes the model of New England textile manufacturer. But an 800% increase in factories from 1820 to 1840 meant that there were too many mills. There's too much production, it's over there, overproducing their stuff, the companies have to slash wages because prices go so bad and conditions are just really they fall through at these, during this twenty-year period, during the of these types of manufacturing plants, many of the women will strike because of the conditions. And there's a lot of labor unrest. And it kinda begins to fall apart. The original way that it was set up. Irish immigrants begin to come in and replace the New England Lowell girls. And, and so the really the Lowell system begins to collapse. As far as having Lowell girls, they are still under one roof and so on and so forth. But it begins to evolve, I should say. All of these. All this rapid industrialization will lead to an environment. Environmental impact we will have deforestation, air pollution, fish declined, smoke, noise. There's a fight over the waterways. People dig their own canals and it transforms the way that, that water will run across the landscape. Sometimes it causes floods. Big cities got bigger, industry grows and shipping grows. And everything that goes along with filth and along a large population or with a large population, it grows as well. So it's a pretty nasty place. In many of these bigger cities. They just don't have the facilities yet developed in order to to handle all these new things. It had never existed in the United States before. Okay, so let's talk about midwest farming where slide over to Midwest farming in the west. Federal law allowed people to buy less land in at one time. If you'll remember when we talked about Alexander Hamilton, he wanted to do it big giant chunks. So federal land and big giant chunks. And to basically land speculators. But now changes in the law allow people to buy a 100 dollar farm. By 1860, more than 50 percent of the United States population live west of the Appalachian Mountains. They had the opportunity to move west to get new land, get that farmland to have their own land to work. And you could actually make a living by working a $100 farm. You could actually feed your family. In 1819, Jethro Wood will make an iron plow. In 1837. John Deere will make the steel plow. That's what this looks like. The steel plow has been referred to as The Plow That Broke the back of the planes. It allows them to break. Using a horse to, to dig into that prairie hard prairie earth and turn it. In 1845 Massachusetts plants...One manufacturer of Massachusetts will create or sorry, manufacturer, 60 thousand plows a year. Most of them sold out in the plains. In 1831. Mccormick will create that reaper that I talked about earlier. We'll go back to it here. Right there, top right-hand corner. 1831. He's going to create that and, and make that to where it's more automated. The reaper really changed harvesting, harvesting of wheat. One man using a sickle could cut 1/2 acre of weight a day. Using this machine, the McCormack machine two men and a horse could harvest 12 acres per day. During the 1840s, There's also McCormack manufacturers mechanical seeders So now you can seed much in the same way that you can reap both the seeders and the... the reaper led to the growth of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest and the Great Plains. And that is really the beginning of the, what we call the breadbasket of America. Midwest and the Great Plains become the place where you have the seas and seas and seas of land. Wheat, wheat covered land, the amber waves of grain. And it starts during this period, so sorry, the, the Midwest, the Great Plains become the bread basket of the United States during this time. Though, let's take a look here. Southern farming. Here we go. So we did Midwestern farm so lets do southern farming. In 1793, Eli Whitney will redesign the cotton gin. Cotton gin. This redesign of the cotton gin, GIN means....it's short for engine. It's 50 times more efficient than, than by hand. And what it does is it separates the fluffy part. See, this is a this is a, a plant. So you've got seeds inside of the fluffy part and you need, and when you GIN cotton, you are removing the fluffy part from the seed. So it's a way to do that. And Eli Whitney's cotton gin is 50 times more efficient than hand by hand. What that means is it makes cotton production instantly. It's very, sorry, what am I trying to say here? Let me pause is instantly profitable. That's what I'm trying to say. It's instantly profitable. Cotton production skyrockets. With cotton production, you have to have people that are out there working. And that's why this particular thing says, growth of slavery and cotton in America. Because as cotton production grows, so will slavery in America. It will push slavery westward. Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, we think of the Deep South and it is, but it's also the West at this time period, slavery is revived. In 1787, there's about 700 thousand slaves. In 1860, there's 4 million slave. Cotton become, became the major export commodity from the United States and the most profitable crop that we grow in the United States. The European demand drove cotton process up as well. Cotton clothes were in demand globally. Really cotton production drove the national economy in both the North and the South because what are they making in the North, in their manufacturing plants? Well, yes, they're making buttons and things like that and reapers and, and ploughs, but they're also making, their number one thing is making textiles. That's cotton clothing. So cotton drives not only in the economy in the South, because they're doing the same thing in Europe as well, in England as well. So the South is exporting cotton to England and Europe, but they're also exporting cotton to the north, to the textile mills up there. And cotton is really driving the American economy because it's a, it's a, it's a cash crop. So, It really Eli Whitney's invention, which it was kind of an inevitable to happen. It was going to happen sooner or later. It really drives slavery. The growth of slavery as well. exponentially, just like it does the growth of cotton production. For sure, aren't changing gears. What are people doing for a living, sorry, for a living, for entertainment. What are people doing for entertainment? The old entertainment ways, was people dance, They played cards, they play chess, they went on picnics. They might, if you live near the coast and you might go sail or fish or have shooting competitions and things like that. And they still did this even after it didn't like it makes it, It's not like it made a huge change. But there are additional things that people do. This is just something that they add to this. A lot of things that they add to during this time, we have a lot of immigrants that are coming into the United States, well, which we'll talk about here in just a little bit, but the population is growing. You have more urban centers, things like that. So it's not like you're stuck out on the farm. There are things that you should can go and do. And there's a lot of new forms of recreation entertainment. Mainly men took part in these new forms of entertainment. Rarely women, a few, sometimes women mainly men. The first is social drinking. Most men working in the manufacturing plants went out the next day and sorry, that afternoon on the way home and, and had some drinks in the pub. You can imagine this is especially a popular event for Irish. There's also races of all kinds. Horse races, dog races, foot races. There's fighting of all kinds. Blood, what we call blood sports. And I mean animal fighting, cockfighting, dog fighting, people fighting, you know, a bare knuckle fighting. Back in the day, you fought. If you fought in a bare knuckle fight, you basically fought until the other person quit or you quit. Many times people were killed. It might go a 150 rounds. You know, very brutal kind of stuff. There were also parties. You can imagine. The most popular indoor entertainment choice was theatre's going to the theater, opera houses, music halls. But there was also one, a show that was wildly popular in certain sectors of American society, and that was called the minstrel show. A minstrel show is basically where white people dress up in blackface. And it would show things deal with African-American folklore. Not many educated people went to the shows. It's kinda lowbrow humor, basically set up to perpetuate the stereotypes of African American culture. People with North, in Norther, this minstrel shows are popular with people in northern working class ethnic groups and also southern whites also like to go to minstrel shows. But this was very popular back in the day and of course, It's tremendously racist and at the time, tremendously racist. It was meant to be racist. All right. What about immigration? So there's a lot of immigration going on. But there hadn't been, there's not much immigration to the United States from the American Revolution to the end of the war of 1812. However, after 1815, it began to pick, up. in 1837, there's a worldwide economic slump that caused.... It caused many to immigrate to the United States. This worldwide economic slump. It's 1837...In 1845, basically the time between 1845 and 1854, 2.4 million immigrants arrive in the United States, adding a 15 percent jump to the American population, 2.4 million in roughly nine years. So let's talk about these groups. You can see here they're going to be the Irish, the Germans, and the Chinese. There is a Great Depression in Ireland. Economic depression and people want to get out if they can. In 1845, there's something called the potato famine. 1 million people die in the potato famine in Ireland, and 2 million leave Ireland. By the 1850s, half the population of New York City and half the population of Boston. are Irish. Primarily the Irish who arrive or unskilled poor and they live in terrible conditions. I just basically had enough to get over the United States. They don't have any they don't have any money when they get here. There's an anti-Catholic movement, most Irish are Catholic, there's an anti-Catholic Catholic movement started against the Irish because many others fear that they were gaining too much influence because there were so many of them. They are certainly...the Irish are certainly the majority of the 2.4 million immigrants who do arrive. The Irish, will often fight with, with free African-Americans in the north over jobs. They, they hated each other and they fought and killed each other on the streets of New York City and Boston, and Philadelphia and other sorts of places. Simply because they wanted the same economic, they, they fit the same economic. They took the same jobs. So, There was competition there. Many Irish will join the Democratic Party. The next group will be the Germans, Germans, mainly Protestant, but their are German Jews and a few Catholics. They are primarily skilled workers and professionals and farmers. Many of them live in family groups. Altogether, as you can see by this group over here on the right of this, it says German, that's an entire German family. You can see over there to the left where it says Irish, There's no man there. So sometimes it was just women that were able to get away. Sometimes it was just young single men for the Irish. But the Germans, they, they moved primarily to rural areas. They moved not into that. They didn't really stay in the big giant cities so much. I mean they did, but not near what the Irish do. In 1848, there's a revolution in Germany that will fail and many of the educated Germans will try to leave Germany and come to the United States. And then the last group will be the Chinese. Most, most immigrants to, to California are the Chinese. They are single illiterate man. They work in construction as depicted in this picture here. Cutting out a railroad bank. Their main plan, the Chinese main plan is to work, make money, and then go home. That's their plan. But all these groups, especially the Irish and the Chinese, will be heavily discriminated against by a group called nativists. And if you look at this down here, it says Native Americans beware of foreign influence. This doesn't mean native Americans in the sense that we use Native Americans to describe American Indians. They, they've Americans means people born in the United States. Though nativists at the time are against all foreigners and Catholics, they want to stop or at least restrict immigration into the United States. They are violent. They sometimes kill Catholics to stop them from voting. Many belong to the American Party. Political parties or political party, It's called American Party or the Know-Nothing Party. Spun out of an organization called the Order of the Star Spangled Banner in New York City. And it goes the American Party or no, Nothing Party. It's the same party. It goes nationally. The American Party OR KNOW-NOTHING PARTY will introduce a conservative, conservative, anti immigrant element into the United States political debate, which has remained there ever since. I don't know if you can read this very well, but this was the platform. This is a political platform of the Know-Nothing Party. So it says, the Know- nothing platform. Repeal of all naturalization laws. That mean naturalization laws is how people become citizens. So they're basically saying, we're going to make it to where nobody can become American says unless you're born here to none but Native Americans for office, that means only people born in the United States can hold office. A pure American common school system. You can, that's self-explanatory and war to the hilt on political romanism, that means keep Catholics. Romanism was an old word, Roman Catholics. So that goes to Romanism. That's an old way of basically saying we're going to keep all of the Catholics as many as we can out of political life. So you could say that the nativists and the Know-Nothing Party that went along with that is a backlash to, against all of the new immigrants center coming in. Look, looking for opportunity. Okay, the next section is the rise of professions and, or early organized labor. Early, we'll start with early unions. Early unions are founded, they're not very shortly, sorry, they're not very long lived there kind of short lived. But skilled workers, like artisans and craftsmen, they resented mills and factory workers because they couldn't compete with mass produced goods. They were very precise. It took that they're building all this stuff by hand and these big factory are putting this stuff out, operating by machines. It takes no skill to flip a switch and make it, take a machine and make it make something. Though they're very upset. These old craftsmen, they create something called a trade association. These trade associations, their job is to press politicians to protect their skilled industry. There craftsmen industry By the 1830s. However, economic depression has killed all. These are early labor unions. Though, even though they're, you know, in the past, sometimes they're called the guild. But for United States, they're referred to as trade associations. And the whole idea was, is that those old craftsman wanted to hang onto their jobs and keep, make people keep buying their stuff instead of buying the mass-produced cheap stuff. But it failed by the 1830s. The next section, we'll continue on this section is the rise of the profession. Most professionals had started as apprentices before this period. So you follow somebody around that had a skill and you learn from them, and if you didn't do that, you were self taught... an old country doctor basically somebody followed around a doctor and learned everything that that doctor knew. And then when that doctor, died, then the new doctor took over his practice, basically. Sometimes lawyers would be self taught. Course books were really expensive and people would loan law books to different people. They would study the law as long as I could pass a test pretty much administered by the local judge. If you can answer these questions and I'll let you I think you're smart enough to do law, then they get to be lawyers. But during this period, you get the rise of the professions like teaching lawyers, doctors, and engineers to where you actually are going to get special training and formal schooling for these professionals. Of course, West Point will be one of the first engineering schools. And then you have other sorts of schools that pop up in different places, primarily in the East and North East. But they are specifically for training professionals. Like I said, teachers, lawyers, doctors and engineers. Now, as I wrap up, let me say with the rise of the professions and that sort of thing, African Americans, women, are still not allowed an equal chance in these labor and professional areas. Only accepted jobs primarily for women, are teaching and nursing. That's pretty much only thing is accepted. And African-Americans were not even allowed to give it. They wouldn't be allowed to have the opportunity to go the schools and things like that for sure. So yes, there's a lot of changes that yes, there's a lot of opportunities. But these opportunities are extremely narrow. And they only pertain to obviously certain, certain people. So that pretty much wraps up this chapter. The next chapter is going to be on nationalism and sectionalism. 1815 to 1828. So you got three sections in the nation. You primarily they have the North east, you have the south and you have the West. But there's one nation. So all these things, each of these places, these sections are vying for their own interests, but there's also a national interests as well. So do you promote the interests of the nation or do you promote the interests of the particular section that you're from? Also during this period as we move forward as always, it will be the issue of slavery continuing to divide the nation, especially in those ideas of self-promotion and the interests of a particular region. So that will continue, but we'll take a look at that in the next the next chapter. So I appreciate you listening, and this is the end of Chapter 8, the emergence of a market economy. 1815-1850.