Latin Summer exam grammar

Small Words

Pronouns

Relative pronouns:

• Singular:

  Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	English Translation

  Nominative

  qui

  quae

  quod

  who, which, that

  Accusative

  quem

  quam

  quod

  whom, which, that

  Genitive

  cuius

  cuius

  cuius

  whose, of whom, of which

  Dative

  cui

  cui

  cui

  to/for whom, to/for which

  Ablative

  quo

  qua

  quo

  by/with/from whom, which

• Plurals:

  Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	English Translation

  Nominative

  qui

  quae

  quae

  who, which, that (those who/which)

  Accusative

  quos

  quas

  quae

  whom, which, that (those whom/which)

  Genitive

  quorum

  quarum

  quorum

  whose, of whom, of which

  Dative

  quibus

  quibus

  quibus

  to/for whom, to/for which

  Ablative

  quibus

  quibus

  quibus

  by/with/from whom, by/with/from which

Interrogative pronouns:

• Singular:

  Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	English Translation

  Nominative

  quis

  quis

  quid

  who? what?

  Accusative

  quem

  quam

  quid

  whom? what?

  Genitive

  cuius

  cuius

  cuius

  whose? of whom? of what?

  Dative

  cui

  cui

  cui

  to/for whom? to/for what?

  Ablative

  quo

  qua

  quo

  by/with/from whom? by/with/from what?

• Plurals:

  Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	English Translation

  Nominative

  qui

  quae

  quae

  who, which, that (those who/which)

  Accusative

  quos

  quas

  quae

  whom, which, that (those whom/which)

  Genitive

  quorum

  quarum

  quorum

  whose, of whom, of which

  Dative

  quibus

  quibus

  quibus

  to/for whom, to/for which

  Ablative

  quibus

  quibus

  quibus

  by/with/from whom, by/with/from which

Prepositions

• Accusative Prepositions:

  • ad (to), per (through), in (into), prope (near), apud (among/at the house of)

• Ablative Prepositions:

  • cum (with), sine (without), de (about, concerning), in (in/on), sub (under)

Verbs

Here’s a breakdown of the verb tenses in both active and passive voices, with all six persons conjugated using amo, amare, amavi, amatus (to love) as the example.

Present Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amo - I love

  • 2nd Person Singular: amas - you love

  • 3rd Person Singular: amat - he/she/it loves

  • 1st Person Plural: amamus - we love

  • 2nd Person Plural: amatis - you (pl.) love

  • 3rd Person Plural: amant - they love

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amor - I am loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amaris - you are loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amatur - he/she/it is loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amamur - we are loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amamini - you (pl.) are loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amantur - they are loved

Perfect Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amavi - I have loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amavisti - you have loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amavit - he/she/it has loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amavimus - we have loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amavistis - you (pl.) have loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amaverunt - they have loved

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amatus sum - I have been loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amatus es - you have been loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amatus est - he/she/it has been loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amati sumus - we have been loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amati estis - you (pl.) have been loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amati sunt - they have been loved

Imperfect Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amabam - I was loving

  • 2nd Person Singular: amabas - you were loving

  • 3rd Person Singular: amabat - he/she/it was loving

  • 1st Person Plural: amabamus - we were loving

  • 2nd Person Plural: amabatis - you (pl.) were loving

  • 3rd Person Plural: amabant - they were loving

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amabar - I was being loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amabaris - you were being loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amabatur - he/she/it was being loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amabamur - we were being loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amabamini - you (pl.) were being loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amabantur - they were being loved

Imperfect Subjunctive

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amarem – I might love

  • 2nd Person Singular: amares – you might love

  • 3rd Person Singular: amaret – he/she/it might love

  • 1st Person Plural: amaremus – we might love

  • 2nd Person Plural: amaretis – you (pl.) might love

  • 3rd Person Plural: amarent – they might love

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amarer – I might be loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amareris – you might be loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amaretur – he/she/it might be loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amaremur – we might be loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amaremini – you (pl.) might be loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amarentur – they might be loved

Pluperfect Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amaveram - I had loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amaveras - you had loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amaverat - he/she/it had loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amaveramus - we had loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amaveratis - you (pl.) had loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amaverant - they had loved

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amatus eram - I had been loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amatus eras - you had been loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amatus erat - he/she/it had been loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amati eramus - we had been loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amati eratis - you (pl.) had been loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amati erant - they had been loved

Pluperfect Subjunctive

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amavissem – I had loved (would have loved)

  • 2nd Person Singular: amavisses – you had loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amavisset – he/she/it had loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amavissemus – we had loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amavissetis – you (pl.) had loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amavissent – they had loved

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amatus essem – I had been loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amatus esses – you had been loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amatus esset – he/she/it had been loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amati essemus – we had been loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amati essetis – you (pl.) had been loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amati essent – they had been loved

Future Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amabo - I will love

  • 2nd Person Singular: amabis - you will love

  • 3rd Person Singular: amabit - he/she/it will love

  • 1st Person Plural: amabimus - we will love

  • 2nd Person Plural: amabitis - you (pl.) will love

  • 3rd Person Plural: amabunt - they will love

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amabor - I will be loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amaberis - you will be loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amabitur - he/she/it will be loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amabimur - we will be loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amabimini - you (pl.) will be loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amabuntur - they will be loved

Infinitive

• Present Active Infinitive:

  • amare - to love

• All the infinitives:

  

Nouns

1. Declensions: Review all five declensions (1st to 5th)

2. Cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, Vocative

   

Adjectives and Adverbs

1. Adjectives:

   • 2-1-2 adjectives (e.g., bonus, -a, -um - good)

   • 3rd declension adjectives (e.g., fortis, forte - brave)

     

2. Comparatives and Superlatives:

   • Comparatives (e.g., fortior - stronger)

   • Superlatives (e.g., fortissimus - strongest)

3. Adverbs:

   • Basic adverbs (e.g., celeriter - quickly)

   • Comparative adverbs (e.g., citius - more quickly)

   • Superlative adverbs (e.g., citissime - most quickly)

How to answer grammar questions:

1. Accusative

• Time how long

• (Direct) object

• After a preposition

2. Genitive

• Possession (of)

3. Dative

• Indirect object (to/for)

4. Ablative

• Time when

• Time within which

• Abl. Absolute

• After a preposition

• By/with/ from (on its own)

5. Infinitive

• Complement after volo/ nolo/ possum/ malo/ constituo/ debeo/ iubeo etc.

• Indirect speech (head verb + acc + inf)

Participles

1. Present Active Participle (e.g., amans - loving)

2. Perfect Passive Participle (e.g., amatus, -a, -um - having been loved)

Irregular Verbs:

Verb "TO BE" (sum, esse, fui)

• Present:

  • I: sum

  • you (sg): es

  • he/she/it: est

  • we: sumus

  • you (pl): estis

  • they: sunt

• Imperfect:

  • I: eram

  • you (sg): eras

  • he/she/it: erat

  • we: eramus

  • you (pl): eratis

  • they: erant

• Future:

  • I: ero

  • you (sg): eris

  • he/she/it: erit

  • we: erimus

  • you (pl): eritis

  • they: erunt

• Perfect:

  • I: fui

  • you (sg): fuisti

  • he/she/it: fuit

  • we: fuimus

  • you (pl): fuistis

  • they: fuerunt

• Pluperfect:

  • I: fueram

  • you (sg): fueras

  • he/she/it: fuerat

  • we: fueramus

  • you (pl): fueratis

  • they: fuerant

Verb "TO BE ABLE" (possum, posse, potui)

• Present:

  • I: possum

  • you (sg): potes

  • he/she/it: potest

  • we: possumus

  • you (pl): potestis

  • they: possunt

• Imperfect:

  • I: poteram

  • you (sg): poteras

  • he/she/it: poterat

  • we: poteramus

  • you (pl): poteratis

  • they: poterant

• Future:

  • I: potero

  • you (sg): poteris

  • he/she/it: poterit

  • we: poterimus

  • you (pl): poteritis

  • they: poterunt

• Perfect:

  • I: potui

  • you (sg): potuisti

  • he/she/it: potuit

  • we: potuimus

  • you (pl): potuistis

  • they: potuerunt

• Pluperfect:

  • I: potueram

  • you (sg): potueras

  • he/she/it: potuerat

  • we: potueramus

  • you (pl): potueratis

  • they: potuerant

Verb "TO WANT" (volo, velle, volui)

• Present:

  • I: volo

  • you (sg): vis

  • he/she/it: vult

  • we: volumus

  • you (pl): vultis

  • they: volunt

• Imperfect:

  • I: volebam

  • you (sg): volebas

  • he/she/it: volebat

  • we: volebamus

  • you (pl): volebatis

  • they: volebant

• Future:

  • I: volam

  • you (sg): voles

  • he/she/it: volet

  • we: volemus

  • you (pl): voletis

  • they: volent

• Perfect:

  • I: volui

  • you (sg): voluisti

  • he/she/it: voluit

  • we: voluimus

  • you (pl): voluistis

  • they: voluerunt

• Pluperfect:

  • I: volueram

  • you (sg): volueras

  • he/she/it: voluerat

  • we: volueramus

  • you (pl): volueratis

  • they: voluerant

Verb "TO NOT WANT" (nolo, nolle, nolui)

• Present:

  • I: nolo

  • you (sg): non vis

  • he/she/it: non vult

  • we: nolumus

  • you (pl): non vultis

  • they: nolunt

• Imperfect:

  • I: nolebam

  • you (sg): nolebas

  • he/she/it: nolebat

  • we: nolebamus

  • you (pl): nolebatis

  • they: nolebant

• Future:

  • I: nolam

  • you (sg): noles

  • he/she/it: nolet

  • we: nolemus

  • you (pl): noletis

  • they: nolent

• Perfect:

  • I: nolui

  • you (sg): noluisti

  • he/she/it: noluit

  • we: noluimus

  • you (pl): noluistis

  • they: noluerunt

• Pluperfect:

  • I: nolueram

  • you (sg): nolueras

  • he/she/it: noluerat

  • we: nolueramus

  • you (pl): nolueratis

  • they: noluerant

Verb "TO PREFER" (malo, malle, malui)

• Present:

  • I: malo

  • you (sg): mavis

  • he/she/it: mavult

  • we: malumus

  • you (pl): mavultis

  • they: malunt

• Imperfect:

  • I: malebam

  • you (sg): malebas

  • he/she/it: malebat

  • we: malebamus

  • you (pl): malebatis

  • they: malebant

• Future:

  • I: malam

  • you (sg): males

  • he/she/it: malet

  • we: malemus

  • you (pl): maletis

  • they: malent

• Perfect:

  • I: malui

  • you (sg): maluisti

  • he/she/it: maluit

  • we: maluimus

  • you (pl): maluistis

  • they: maluerunt

• Pluperfect:

  • I: malueram

  • you (sg): malueras

  • he/she/it: maluerat

  • we: malueramus

  • you (pl): malueratis

  • they: maluerant

Verb "TO GO" (eo, ire, ii/ivi, itum)

• Present:

  • I: eo

  • you (sg): is

  • he/she/it: it

  • we: imus

  • you (pl): itis

  • they: eunt

• Imperfect:

  • I: ibam

  • you (sg): ibas

  • he/she/it: ibat

  • we: ibamus

  • you (pl): ibatis

  • they: ibant

• Future:

  • I: ibo

  • you (sg): ibis

  • he/she/it: ibit

  • we: ibimus

  • you (pl): ibitis

  • they: ibunt

• Perfect:

  • I: ii (or ivi)

  • you (sg): isti

  • he/she/it: iit (or ivit)

  • we: iimus (or ivimus)

  • you (pl): istis

  • they: ierunt (or iverunt)

• Pluperfect:

  • I: ieram (or iveram)

  • you (sg): ieras (or iveras)

  • he/she/it: ierat (or iverat)

  • we: ieramus (or iveramus)

  • you (pl): ieratis (or iveratis)

  • they: ierant (or iverant)

Special tense/verbs:

Uses of the subjunctive:

Deponent verbs:

What it is:
Deponent verbs are verbs that are passive in form but active in meaning. They are found in Latin and some other languages.

How it is formed:
Deponent verbs are conjugated using passive endings in all tenses but are translated actively.

Example Verb: Sequor, sequi, secutus sum (to follow)

Full Conjugation Across Tenses:

• Present:

  • sequor (I follow)

  • sequeris (you follow)

  • sequitur (he/she/it follows)

  • sequimur (we follow)

  • sequimini (you all follow)

  • sequuntur (they follow)

• Imperfect:

  • sequebar (I was following)

  • sequebaris (you were following)

  • sequebatur (he/she/it was following)

  • sequebamur (we were following)

  • sequebamini (you all were following)

  • sequebantur (they were following)

• Future:

  • sequentur (I will follow)

  • sequeris (you will follow)

  • sequetur (he/she/it will follow)

  • sequemur (we will follow)

  • sequemini (you all will follow)

  • sequentur (they will follow)

• Perfect:

  • secutus sum (I have followed)

  • secutus es (you have followed)

  • secutus est (he/she/it has followed)

  • secuti sumus (we have followed)

  • secuti estis (you all have followed)

  • secuti sunt (they have followed)

• Pluperfect:

  • secutus eram (I had followed)

  • secutus eras (you had followed)

  • secutus erat (he/she/it had followed)

  • secuti eramus (we had followed)

  • secuti eratis (you all had followed)

  • secuti erant (they had followed)

• Future Perfect:

  • secutus ero (I will have followed)

  • secutus eris (you will have followed)

  • secutus erit (he/she/it will have followed)

  • secuti erimus (we will have followed)

  • secuti eritis (you all will have followed)

  • secuti erunt (they will have followed)

Passives

What it is:
Passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon by someone or something else.

How it is formed:
In Latin, the passive is formed by using passive verb endings:

• Present: -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur

• Perfect: Passive participle + form of sum

• Future perfect and pluperfect use esse forms.

Example Verb: Amare (to love)

Full Conjugation Across Tenses (Indicative):

• Present:

  • amor (I am loved)

  • amaris (you are loved)

  • amatur (he/she/it is loved)

  • amamur (we are loved)

  • amamini (you all are loved)

  • amantur (they are loved)

• Imperfect:

  • amabar (I was loved)

  • amabaris (you were loved)

  • amabatur (he/she/it was loved)

  • amabamur (we were loved)

  • amabamini (you all were loved)

  • amabantur (they were loved)

• Future:

  • amabor (I will be loved)

  • amaberis (you will be loved)

  • amabitur (he/she/it will be loved)

  • amabimur (we will be loved)

  • amabimini (you all will be loved)

  • amabuntur (they will be loved)

• Perfect:

  • amatus sum (I have been loved)

  • amatus es (you have been loved)

  • amatus est (he/she/it has been loved)

  • amati sumus (we have been loved)

  • amati estis (you all have been loved)

  • amati sunt (they have been loved)

• Pluperfect:

  • amatus eram (I had been loved)

  • amatus eras (you had been loved)

  • amatus erat (he/she/it had been loved)

  • amati eramus (we had been loved)

  • amati eratis (you all had been loved)

  • amati erant (they had been loved)

• Future Perfect:

  • amatus ero (I will have been loved)

  • amatus eris (you will have been loved)

  • amatus erit (he/she/it will have been loved)

  • amati erimus (we will have been loved)

  • amati eritis (you all will have been loved)

  • amati erunt (they will have been loved)

Orders

What it is:
Orders in Latin are typically expressed using the imperative mood, which gives commands or requests.

How it is formed:

• Present imperative singular: base form of the verb (e.g., ama! - love!).

• Present imperative plural: add -te to the base form (e.g., amate! - love, you all!).

• Negative commands use noli (singular) or nolite (plural) with the infinitive.

Example:

• Positive: Porta libros! (Carry the books!)

• Negative: Noli portare libros! (Do not carry the books!)

Conjugations needed:
Only the imperative forms:

• Singular: ama, mone, audi (love, warn, listen)

• Plural: amate, monete, audite (love, warn, listen)

Ablative Absolute

What it is:
An ablative absolute is a construction consisting of a noun and a participle (both in the ablative case) that provides background information or context.

How it is formed:

• Noun/pronoun in the ablative case.

• Participle agreeing with the noun in case, number, and gender.

Example:

• Hostibus victis, milites laeti erant.
  (With the enemies having been defeated, the soldiers were happy.)

Conjugations needed:
Participles in ablative case:

• Present participle: -nte/-ntibus (e.g., amante - loving)

• Perfect participle: -o/-is (e.g., amato - having been loved).

Gerundives:

• A Gerundive is a verbal adjective.

• Formed from the verb stem + -ndus, -nda, -ndum endings.

• It agrees with a noun in gender, number, and case.

Meaning:

• Necessity or obligation ("must be ___ed," "has to be ___ed").

• Often translated passively.

Examples:

• liber legendus — "the book that must be read"

• puella laudanda est — "the girl must be praised"

Indirect statements:

(Accusative and Infinitive Construction)

• An indirect statement reports what someone said, thought, heard, or felt.

• In Latin:

  • The subject of the indirect statement is put in the accusative.

  • The verb is put into the infinitive form.

Key points:

• No Latin word for "that" (just understood in translation).

• The tense of the infinitive shows the time of the action relative to the main verb.

TENSE OF THE INFINITIVE

Examples:

Reporting about the Present:

• Dicit puerum laborare. — "He says that the boy is working."

(dicit = he says, puerum = boy (acc.), laborare = to work (present inf.)

Reporting about the Past:

• Dixit puerum laboravisse. — "He said that the boy had worked."

(dixit = he said, puerum = boy (acc.), laboravisse = to have worked (perfect inf.)

Reporting about Oneself:

• Dicit se laborare. — "He says that he himself is working."

• Dixit se laboravisse. — "He said that he himself had worked."

(se = himself/herself/itself, reflexive pronoun for the subject of the main verb)

Reporting about the Future:

• Dicit puerum laboraturum esse. — "He says that the boy will work."

• Dixit puerum laboraturum esse. — "He said that the boy would work."

(laboraturum esse = future active infinitive: "to be about to work")

Quick Reference Table

Common words used in indirect statements:

Overview of translating indirect statements

Indirect speech:

1. Head verb

2. Accusative

3. Infinitive - 3 tenses (future, present, perfect)

Infinitives:

• Amare: to love

• Amari: to be loved

• Amavisse: to have loved

• Amatus esse (PPP): to have been loved

• Amaturus esse (FAP): to be going to love/ to be about to love