FW 404 Exam Review 9/18

• Read white oak/red oak article

You should know:

• Three ways of management

• Crop tree management

• Describe the pre colonial south as was written by Dixon and the other assigned reading and World of Wounds

  • grand savannah

• What commercial thinning is, what specific parameters might be placed in the commercial context of specific wildlife species (ex northern bobwhite) and how it may interact with prescribed fire

• Three to four approaches to increase biodiversity species richness in managed loblolly pine plantations

  • Andro et al reading on Moodle

  • Longer rotations, but not realistic

  • Plant at lower stocking densities with higher spacing

    • standard: 10×10

  • leave snags and downed wood if possible

  • thin early and often (pre commercial thinning)

  • burning

  • herbicides instead of fire

  • diversify stand ages across the landscape to diversity age class

  • riparian buffers, streamside management areas

• Gap-phased disturbances

  • trees fall next to teach other to increase gap

  • management that mimics disturbance: group selection (not single tree, which promotes vertical structure in the stand but not horizontal structure since it doesn’t provide enough change)

  • Group selection increases both vertical AND horizontal structure

    • affects some animals since some require larger canopy reduction

• Plant succession

  • what kinds of plants respond early to increased light?

    • shade intolerance, intermediate shade tolerant, shade tolerance (focus on shade tolerance: uneven-aged systems)

• Bird species richness and foliage height diversity

• Reasons you might observe more animals along edge habitat, more abundance/richness

• Definition and distinction between seed tree and shelterwood

  • What determines the spacing of seed trees?

• Value of residual downed woody material following a clearcut harvest

• You can do forest stand improvement as much as you want, but would want to limit it because of money and economic return

• Fertilizing an oak tree increases acorn

• How does prescribed fire affect forb, woody competition—why does it promote more forbs?

• Distinction between source patch and sink patch

• Difference between ideal free dist and ideal spotic distribution

• Difference between even and uneven aged stand

  • what are the characteristics? which one has uniform appearance—even aged. Provides more habitat for shrubland wildlife—uneven aged (because of small patches on the ground… 3-5 years after clearcut harvest. Fewer songbirds and salamanders. More browse for deer. More fruit for wildlife.)

• Challenges to implementing uneven aged silvicultural system

• Two components of a diversity index

• Preservation vs conservation

• Ultimate vs proximate factor

• Select vs prefer

• Species richness vs species evenness

• Woodland vs forest, savannah vs prairie

  • woodland = 30-80% canopy cover, herbaceous (Schenck)

• Clearcut vs land clearing

• Edge vs ecotone

  • if edge has narrow ecotone, is it a soft or hard edge? Hard

  • Increase edge by increasing stands into smaller units or make them irregularly shaped

  • Inherent vs induced edge

  • Timber harvest in landscape makes an induced edge, where inherent edge is where forest meets lake or parking lot

  • Size classes

• Specialist vs generalists

• Pathway of energy from sun to fitness of animals

• 4 orders of habitat selection and define them

• Distinction between territory and home ranges

  • territory: defend breeding spaces like nests and dens and limited food resources

• Recognize Leopold’s logistic growth curve, what it looks like, responding to carrying capacity

• What is single tree selection used for

• Hardwood midstory removal via herbicides via helicopters

  • does this increase habitat for nesting songbirds? NO!

  • does it increase nutrition of white tailed deer browse? NO!

  • does it increase amount of browse? YES!

  • plant nutrition is the same for the same plant, not dependent on soil type, only quantity of that plant

• Differences for wildlife between clearcut timber harvest and clearcut that retains hardwood understory

• Herbicides, tank mixes, dist between broadcast/spot/tank application

  • concerns that wildlife biologists have in industrial pine plantations

• Clearcut is not used in urban development, it is deforestation

• What is site index?

• Can group selection harvests provide habitat for shrubland wildlife?

  • yes but must be large, at least 1/4-1/2 acre

  • larger openings

• patch clearcuts

  • intent to create even aged patch regeneration, but very small clearcut. How small? in farm bill (less than 5 acres)

• Which regeneration methods are even aged or uneven aged

• Site preparation, what is it, diff between chemical and mechanical, effects on wildlife (esp mechanical), how long do effects last

• Decimating and welfare factor examples

• Several reasons that density and abundance may not be a good indicator of habitat quality

• Ideal despotic distribution

• Examples of shade intolerant trees, shade tolerant trees from the slides

• Definition of basal area

• Understand how native americans influenced landscape prior to 1500 and beyond

• examples of how animals respond to group selection harvest openings

• definition of seasonality and buffer foods

• pre commercial vs commercial thinning, intent behind this, financial ramifications and when it should occur

• selective harvest is often used with the intent to hygrade

• intent behind residual overstory trees in shelterwood harvests

  • to protect regeneration from too much light

  • shelterwood: shelter from light and extreme conditions

• Seed tree intention → to seed

• Can you protect trees from clearcut harvest, reserve, keep snags

• is wildfire a threat to wildlife habitat in the south? no

• is clearcut a threat to habitat? no

48 questions. Most 2 points. Look at Tophat.