spanish 1 - unit 4 notes
vocabulary for unit 4 is linked in the folder for this study guide. make sure you study it!
https://knowt.com/flashcards/6ca27507-3e7a-4a5e-a15a-f482eaa4bd64
first recall that there are specific rules for conjugating verbs that end in -ar, -er, and -ir for all five subject pronoun forms.
-ar | -er | -ir | |
|---|---|---|---|
yo | -o | -o | -o |
tú | -as | -es | -es |
el/ella/usted | -a | -e | -e |
nosotros | -amos | -emos | -imos |
ellos/ellas/ustedes | -an | -en | -en |
in stem-changing verbs, a vowel (the stem) changes in all forms except for the nosotros form. the stem of a verb that will change is the last vowel before the ending. for example, in the verb “recomendar”, the “e” between “m” and “n” is the last vowel before the -ar ending, so it will be the stem that changes from “e” to “ie”. stem-changing verbs can change from e→ie, o→ue, or e→i. the rules for the endings still apply to the verbs after their stem changes.
the stem-changing verbs included in the vocabulary for this unit are “pedir,” “pensar,” “preferir,” “probar,” “querer,” “recomendar,” and “servir.” following are their conjugations in all forms.
pedir (e→i) - to ask for; to order | pensar (e→ie) - to think | preferir (e→ie) - to prefer |
|---|---|---|
pido | pienso | prefiero |
pides | piensas | prefieres |
pide | piensa | prefiere |
pedimos | pensamos | preferimos |
piden | piensan | prefieren |
probar (o→ue) - to try | querer (e→ie) - to want | recomendar (e→ie) - to recommend |
|---|---|---|
pruebo | quiero | recomiendo |
pruebas | quieres | recomiendas |
prueba | quiere | recomienda |
probamos | queremos | recomendamos |
prueban | quieren | recomiendan |
servir (e→i) - to serve |
|---|
sirvo |
sirves |
sirve |
servimos |
sirven |
for conjugating stem-changing verbs, I recommend memorizing the stem changes of these verbs (e→ie, etc.) so that when you conjugate them, you can change the stem and then simply add the endings by applying the basic rules of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs.
more stem-changing verbs:
poder (o→ue) - can; to be able to | entender (e→ie) - to understand | dormir (o→ue) - to sleep |
|---|---|---|
puedo | entiendo | duermo |
puedes | entiendes | duermes |
puede | entiende | duerme |
podemos | entendemos | dormimos |
pueden | entienden | duermen |
cerrar (e→ie) - to close | almorzar (e→ie) - to have lunch | costar (o→ue) - to cost |
|---|---|---|
cierro | almuerzo | cuesto |
cierras | almuerzas | cuestas |
cierra | almuerza | cuesta |
cerramos | almorzamos | costamos |
cierran | almuerzan | cuestan |
“gustar,” a verb meaning “to like,” is conjugated in only two forms, “gusta” and “gustan,” depending on the number of things that the subject likes. an indirect object pronoun (“me,” “te,” “le,” “nos,” “les”) must also be used with the conjugated verb, depending on who the subject is.
the verbs “encantar” and “fascinar” are similar to “gustar” in that they are conjugated in the same way, with only two forms and an indirect object pronoun. following are their conjugations.
gustar - to like | encantar - to really like | fascinar - to love |
|---|---|---|
me gusta / me gustan | me encanta / te encantan | me fascina / me fascinan |
te gusta / te gustan | te encanta / te encantan | te fascina / te fascinan |
le gusta / le gustan | le encanta / le encantan | le fascina / le fascinan |
nos gusta / nos gustan | nos encanta / nos encantan | nos fascina / nos fascinan |
les gusta / les gustan | les encanta / les encantan | les fascina / les fascinan |
when conjugating verbs like “gustar,” it’s important to remember to add the correct subject pronoun. if the subject is “yo,” use “me,” etc. also, remember to conjugate the verb according to the number of things the subject likes. for example, if the subject “nosotros” loves strawberries, you would write “Nos fascinan las fresas.” notice that since “strawberries” is plural, “fascinar” is conjugated as “fascinan.”
following are a few more examples and their definitions:
A mis hermanos les gusta la clase de espanol.
→My siblings like Spanish class. (siblings = they→”les”; Spanish class is singular→”gusta”)
A la maestra le encantan sus estudiantes.
→The teacher really likes her students. (the teacher = she→”le”; students is plural→”encantan”)
A mi me fascinan los pasteles.
→I love cakes. (I→”me”; cakes is plural→”fascinan”)
vocabulary for unit 4 is linked in the folder for this study guide. make sure you study it!
https://knowt.com/flashcards/6ca27507-3e7a-4a5e-a15a-f482eaa4bd64
first recall that there are specific rules for conjugating verbs that end in -ar, -er, and -ir for all five subject pronoun forms.
-ar | -er | -ir | |
|---|---|---|---|
yo | -o | -o | -o |
tú | -as | -es | -es |
el/ella/usted | -a | -e | -e |
nosotros | -amos | -emos | -imos |
ellos/ellas/ustedes | -an | -en | -en |
in stem-changing verbs, a vowel (the stem) changes in all forms except for the nosotros form. the stem of a verb that will change is the last vowel before the ending. for example, in the verb “recomendar”, the “e” between “m” and “n” is the last vowel before the -ar ending, so it will be the stem that changes from “e” to “ie”. stem-changing verbs can change from e→ie, o→ue, or e→i. the rules for the endings still apply to the verbs after their stem changes.
the stem-changing verbs included in the vocabulary for this unit are “pedir,” “pensar,” “preferir,” “probar,” “querer,” “recomendar,” and “servir.” following are their conjugations in all forms.
pedir (e→i) - to ask for; to order | pensar (e→ie) - to think | preferir (e→ie) - to prefer |
|---|---|---|
pido | pienso | prefiero |
pides | piensas | prefieres |
pide | piensa | prefiere |
pedimos | pensamos | preferimos |
piden | piensan | prefieren |
probar (o→ue) - to try | querer (e→ie) - to want | recomendar (e→ie) - to recommend |
|---|---|---|
pruebo | quiero | recomiendo |
pruebas | quieres | recomiendas |
prueba | quiere | recomienda |
probamos | queremos | recomendamos |
prueban | quieren | recomiendan |
servir (e→i) - to serve |
|---|
sirvo |
sirves |
sirve |
servimos |
sirven |
for conjugating stem-changing verbs, I recommend memorizing the stem changes of these verbs (e→ie, etc.) so that when you conjugate them, you can change the stem and then simply add the endings by applying the basic rules of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs.
more stem-changing verbs:
poder (o→ue) - can; to be able to | entender (e→ie) - to understand | dormir (o→ue) - to sleep |
|---|---|---|
puedo | entiendo | duermo |
puedes | entiendes | duermes |
puede | entiende | duerme |
podemos | entendemos | dormimos |
pueden | entienden | duermen |
cerrar (e→ie) - to close | almorzar (e→ie) - to have lunch | costar (o→ue) - to cost |
|---|---|---|
cierro | almuerzo | cuesto |
cierras | almuerzas | cuestas |
cierra | almuerza | cuesta |
cerramos | almorzamos | costamos |
cierran | almuerzan | cuestan |
“gustar,” a verb meaning “to like,” is conjugated in only two forms, “gusta” and “gustan,” depending on the number of things that the subject likes. an indirect object pronoun (“me,” “te,” “le,” “nos,” “les”) must also be used with the conjugated verb, depending on who the subject is.
the verbs “encantar” and “fascinar” are similar to “gustar” in that they are conjugated in the same way, with only two forms and an indirect object pronoun. following are their conjugations.
gustar - to like | encantar - to really like | fascinar - to love |
|---|---|---|
me gusta / me gustan | me encanta / te encantan | me fascina / me fascinan |
te gusta / te gustan | te encanta / te encantan | te fascina / te fascinan |
le gusta / le gustan | le encanta / le encantan | le fascina / le fascinan |
nos gusta / nos gustan | nos encanta / nos encantan | nos fascina / nos fascinan |
les gusta / les gustan | les encanta / les encantan | les fascina / les fascinan |
when conjugating verbs like “gustar,” it’s important to remember to add the correct subject pronoun. if the subject is “yo,” use “me,” etc. also, remember to conjugate the verb according to the number of things the subject likes. for example, if the subject “nosotros” loves strawberries, you would write “Nos fascinan las fresas.” notice that since “strawberries” is plural, “fascinar” is conjugated as “fascinan.”
following are a few more examples and their definitions:
A mis hermanos les gusta la clase de espanol.
→My siblings like Spanish class. (siblings = they→”les”; Spanish class is singular→”gusta”)
A la maestra le encantan sus estudiantes.
→The teacher really likes her students. (the teacher = she→”le”; students is plural→”encantan”)
A mi me fascinan los pasteles.
→I love cakes. (I→”me”; cakes is plural→”fascinan”)
