AP studs period 4

## Early 19th Century

2nd Great Awakening

- Protestant religious revival movement (1795-1835)

- Emphasized personal salvation and moral reform

- Led to increased church membership, especially Methodists and Baptists

- Inspired social reform movements like temperance and abolition[1][2]

Market Revolution

- Shift from subsistence to market-based economy

- Characterized by improved transportation, increased manufacturing, and westward expansion

- Led to growth of cities and changes in labor patterns

Slavery

- Institution of forced labor that persisted in the South

- Became increasingly contentious issue between North and South

- Central to economic, political, and social debates of the era

Abolition

- Movement to end slavery in the United States

- Gained momentum in early 19th century

- Led by figures like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass

Fireside Poets

- Group of 19th-century American poets

- Included Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

- Known for their accessible, family-friendly poetry

Marshall Court

- Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-1835)

- Established principle of judicial review

- Strengthened federal power through key decisions

## Early-mid 19th Century

"Old Immigrants"

- Immigrants primarily from Northern and Western Europe

- Mainly Protestant and culturally similar to existing American population

- Arrived in large numbers before 1880s

## 1798

Interchangeable Parts "Cotton Gin"

- Invented by Eli Whitney

- Revolutionized cotton production in the South

- Contributed to expansion of slavery

## 1800

Election of 1800

- Resulted in Thomas Jefferson's victory over John Adams

- First peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history

- Led to 12th Amendment due to electoral tie between Jefferson and Burr

## 1801

Jeffersonian Ideals

- Emphasized limited federal government

- Promoted agrarian democracy and states' rights

- Advocated for strict interpretation of the Constitution

## 1803

Louisiana Purchase

- Acquisition of 828,000 square miles from France

- Doubled the size of the United States

- Negotiated by Jefferson administration for $15 million

## 1804

Lewis and Clark

- Expedition to explore newly acquired Louisiana Territory

- Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

- Mapped western lands and made contact with Native American tribes

## 1807

Embargo Act

- Passed by Jefferson to punish Britain and France for interfering with U.S. shipping

- Prohibited American ships from engaging in foreign trade

- Severely damaged U.S. economy, especially in New England

## 1811

Tecumseh

- Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Native American tribes

- Opposed U.S. expansion into Native lands

- Killed in the War of 1812 fighting alongside British forces

## 1812

War of 1812

- Conflict between U.S. and Great Britain

- Caused by trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and British support of Native Americans

- Resulted in a stalemate but increased American nationalism

## 1814

Hartford Convention

- Meeting of Federalist Party leaders from New England states

- Discussed grievances against the federal government and the War of 1812

- Led to decline of Federalist Party due to perceived disloyalty

## 1816

American System

- Economic plan proposed by Henry Clay

- Advocated for protective tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements

- Aimed to strengthen and unify the nation's economy

## 1817

American Colonization Society

- Founded to support the migration of free African Americans to Africa

- Established colony of Liberia in 1822

- Controversial among both pro-slavery and abolitionist groups

## 1819

Panic of 1819

- First major financial crisis in the United States

- Caused by overspeculation in western lands and decline in European demand for American goods

- Led to bank failures, foreclosures, and widespread unemployment

Washington Irving

- American author known for short stories

- Wrote "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle"

- Helped establish American literature as distinct from European tradition

"Rip Van Winkle"

- Short story by Washington Irving

- Tale of a man who falls asleep for 20 years and misses the American Revolution

- Commentary on rapid social and political changes in early America

## 1820

Missouri Compromise

- Agreement to maintain balance between slave and free states

- Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state

- Prohibited slavery north of 36°30' latitude in Louisiana Territory

## 1820-1860

Cult of Domesticity

- Idealized notion of women's role in the home

- Emphasized piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity

- Shaped middle-class gender norms in 19th century America

Transcendentalism

- Philosophical and literary movement

- Emphasized individual intuition and nature over formal religion and society

- Key figures included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

## 1823

Monroe Doctrine

- Foreign policy statement by President James Monroe

- Declared Western Hemisphere closed to further European colonization

- Asserted U.S. neutrality in European affairs

## 1824

Election of 1824

- Controversial presidential election

- John Quincy Adams elected by House of Representatives despite Andrew Jackson winning popular vote

- Led to allegations of a "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Henry Clay

John Quincy Adams

- Sixth U.S. President (1825-1829)

- Son of John Adams

- Advocated for internal improvements and education

## 1820s-1840s

Transportation Revolution

- Period of rapid improvement in transportation technology

- Included development of canals, steamboats, and railroads

- Facilitated westward expansion and economic growth

## 1826

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

- Founded to combat alcohol abuse

- Part of larger temperance movement

- Advocated for moderation or complete abstinence from alcohol

## 1828

Election of 1828

- Resulted in Andrew Jackson's victory over John Quincy Adams

- Marked shift towards more democratic politics

- Saw high voter turnout and expansion of suffrage

Andrew Jackson

- Seventh U.S. President (1829-1837)

- Expanded executive power and championed common man

- Policies led to Indian removal and economic instability

Democrats

- Political party formed to support Andrew Jackson

- Advocated for limited government and states' rights

- Became one of two major parties in American politics

## Late 1820's

Railroads

- Began to expand rapidly across the United States

- Revolutionized transportation and commerce

- Contributed to industrialization and westward expansion

## 1830

Indian Removal Act

- Signed by President Andrew Jackson

- Authorized negotiation of treaties to exchange Native American lands for lands west of Mississippi

- Led to forced relocation of many Native American tribes

## 1831

William Lloyd Garrison

- Prominent abolitionist and journalist

- Founded "The Liberator" newspaper

- Advocated for immediate emancipation of slaves

Nat Turner's Revolt

- Slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia

- Led by Nat Turner, resulted in deaths of 55-65 white people

- Led to stricter slave codes and increased fear of slave uprisings

## 1832

Nullification Crisis

- Conflict between federal government and South Carolina over tariffs

- South Carolina threatened to nullify federal tariff laws

- Resolved through compromise, but increased sectional tensions

## 1833

Bank War

- Conflict between President Andrew Jackson and Second Bank of the United States

- Jackson vetoed the bank's recharter and removed federal deposits

- Led to economic instability and Panic of 1837

Whig Party

- Formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson's policies

- Advocated for congressional supremacy and economic nationalism

- Included leaders like Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

## 1836

Martin Van Buren

- Eighth U.S. President (1837-1841)

- Jackson's Vice President and chosen successor

- Presidency marked by Panic of 1837 and economic depression

## 1837

Panic of 1837

- Major economic depression

- Caused by Jackson's banking policies and speculative boom

- Led to bank failures, high unemployment, and economic contraction

"Slavery a Positive Good"

- Argument made by John C. Calhoun and other pro-slavery advocates

- Claimed slavery was beneficial for both slaves and society

- Marked shift from viewing slavery as necessary evil to moral good

Grimke Sisters

- Sarah and Angelina Grimke

- Abolitionists and early women's rights advocates

- Challenged gender norms by speaking publicly against slavery

## 1838

Trail of Tears

- Forced relocation of Cherokee Nation from southeastern U.S. to Indian Territory

- Result of Indian Removal Act and subsequent treaties

- Led to deaths of thousands of Cherokee people

Frederick Douglass

- Former slave who became prominent abolitionist leader

- Powerful orator and writer

- Published autobiography and newspaper "The North Star"

## 1840

Liberty Party

- First antislavery political party in the United States

- Formed by abolitionists dissatisfied with major parties

- Nominated James G. Birney for president in 1840 and 1844

"Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too"

- Campaign slogan for Whig candidates William Henry Harrison and John Tyler

- Referenced Harrison's military victory at Tippecanoe

- Helped Harrison win 1840 presidential election

## 1848

Seneca Falls Convention

- First women's rights convention in the United States

- Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

- Produced Declaration of Sentiments modeled on Declaration of Independence