## Early 19th Century
2nd Great Awakening
- Protestant religious revival movement (1795-1835)
- Emphasized personal salvation and moral reform
- Led to increased church membership, especially Methodists and Baptists
- Inspired social reform movements like temperance and abolition[1][2]
Market Revolution
- Shift from subsistence to market-based economy
- Characterized by improved transportation, increased manufacturing, and westward expansion
- Led to growth of cities and changes in labor patterns
Slavery
- Institution of forced labor that persisted in the South
- Became increasingly contentious issue between North and South
- Central to economic, political, and social debates of the era
Abolition
- Movement to end slavery in the United States
- Gained momentum in early 19th century
- Led by figures like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass
Fireside Poets
- Group of 19th-century American poets
- Included Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
- Known for their accessible, family-friendly poetry
Marshall Court
- Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-1835)
- Established principle of judicial review
- Strengthened federal power through key decisions
## Early-mid 19th Century
"Old Immigrants"
- Immigrants primarily from Northern and Western Europe
- Mainly Protestant and culturally similar to existing American population
- Arrived in large numbers before 1880s
## 1798
Interchangeable Parts "Cotton Gin"
- Invented by Eli Whitney
- Revolutionized cotton production in the South
- Contributed to expansion of slavery
## 1800
Election of 1800
- Resulted in Thomas Jefferson's victory over John Adams
- First peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history
- Led to 12th Amendment due to electoral tie between Jefferson and Burr
## 1801
Jeffersonian Ideals
- Emphasized limited federal government
- Promoted agrarian democracy and states' rights
- Advocated for strict interpretation of the Constitution
## 1803
Louisiana Purchase
- Acquisition of 828,000 square miles from France
- Doubled the size of the United States
- Negotiated by Jefferson administration for $15 million
## 1804
Lewis and Clark
- Expedition to explore newly acquired Louisiana Territory
- Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
- Mapped western lands and made contact with Native American tribes
## 1807
Embargo Act
- Passed by Jefferson to punish Britain and France for interfering with U.S. shipping
- Prohibited American ships from engaging in foreign trade
- Severely damaged U.S. economy, especially in New England
## 1811
Tecumseh
- Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Native American tribes
- Opposed U.S. expansion into Native lands
- Killed in the War of 1812 fighting alongside British forces
## 1812
War of 1812
- Conflict between U.S. and Great Britain
- Caused by trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and British support of Native Americans
- Resulted in a stalemate but increased American nationalism
## 1814
Hartford Convention
- Meeting of Federalist Party leaders from New England states
- Discussed grievances against the federal government and the War of 1812
- Led to decline of Federalist Party due to perceived disloyalty
## 1816
American System
- Economic plan proposed by Henry Clay
- Advocated for protective tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements
- Aimed to strengthen and unify the nation's economy
## 1817
American Colonization Society
- Founded to support the migration of free African Americans to Africa
- Established colony of Liberia in 1822
- Controversial among both pro-slavery and abolitionist groups
## 1819
Panic of 1819
- First major financial crisis in the United States
- Caused by overspeculation in western lands and decline in European demand for American goods
- Led to bank failures, foreclosures, and widespread unemployment
Washington Irving
- American author known for short stories
- Wrote "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle"
- Helped establish American literature as distinct from European tradition
"Rip Van Winkle"
- Short story by Washington Irving
- Tale of a man who falls asleep for 20 years and misses the American Revolution
- Commentary on rapid social and political changes in early America
## 1820
Missouri Compromise
- Agreement to maintain balance between slave and free states
- Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
- Prohibited slavery north of 36°30' latitude in Louisiana Territory
## 1820-1860
Cult of Domesticity
- Idealized notion of women's role in the home
- Emphasized piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity
- Shaped middle-class gender norms in 19th century America
Transcendentalism
- Philosophical and literary movement
- Emphasized individual intuition and nature over formal religion and society
- Key figures included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
## 1823
Monroe Doctrine
- Foreign policy statement by President James Monroe
- Declared Western Hemisphere closed to further European colonization
- Asserted U.S. neutrality in European affairs
## 1824
Election of 1824
- Controversial presidential election
- John Quincy Adams elected by House of Representatives despite Andrew Jackson winning popular vote
- Led to allegations of a "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Henry Clay
John Quincy Adams
- Sixth U.S. President (1825-1829)
- Son of John Adams
- Advocated for internal improvements and education
## 1820s-1840s
Transportation Revolution
- Period of rapid improvement in transportation technology
- Included development of canals, steamboats, and railroads
- Facilitated westward expansion and economic growth
## 1826
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance
- Founded to combat alcohol abuse
- Part of larger temperance movement
- Advocated for moderation or complete abstinence from alcohol
## 1828
Election of 1828
- Resulted in Andrew Jackson's victory over John Quincy Adams
- Marked shift towards more democratic politics
- Saw high voter turnout and expansion of suffrage
Andrew Jackson
- Seventh U.S. President (1829-1837)
- Expanded executive power and championed common man
- Policies led to Indian removal and economic instability
Democrats
- Political party formed to support Andrew Jackson
- Advocated for limited government and states' rights
- Became one of two major parties in American politics
## Late 1820's
Railroads
- Began to expand rapidly across the United States
- Revolutionized transportation and commerce
- Contributed to industrialization and westward expansion
## 1830
Indian Removal Act
- Signed by President Andrew Jackson
- Authorized negotiation of treaties to exchange Native American lands for lands west of Mississippi
- Led to forced relocation of many Native American tribes
## 1831
William Lloyd Garrison
- Prominent abolitionist and journalist
- Founded "The Liberator" newspaper
- Advocated for immediate emancipation of slaves
Nat Turner's Revolt
- Slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia
- Led by Nat Turner, resulted in deaths of 55-65 white people
- Led to stricter slave codes and increased fear of slave uprisings
## 1832
Nullification Crisis
- Conflict between federal government and South Carolina over tariffs
- South Carolina threatened to nullify federal tariff laws
- Resolved through compromise, but increased sectional tensions
## 1833
Bank War
- Conflict between President Andrew Jackson and Second Bank of the United States
- Jackson vetoed the bank's recharter and removed federal deposits
- Led to economic instability and Panic of 1837
Whig Party
- Formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson's policies
- Advocated for congressional supremacy and economic nationalism
- Included leaders like Henry Clay and Daniel Webster
## 1836
Martin Van Buren
- Eighth U.S. President (1837-1841)
- Jackson's Vice President and chosen successor
- Presidency marked by Panic of 1837 and economic depression
## 1837
Panic of 1837
- Major economic depression
- Caused by Jackson's banking policies and speculative boom
- Led to bank failures, high unemployment, and economic contraction
"Slavery a Positive Good"
- Argument made by John C. Calhoun and other pro-slavery advocates
- Claimed slavery was beneficial for both slaves and society
- Marked shift from viewing slavery as necessary evil to moral good
Grimke Sisters
- Sarah and Angelina Grimke
- Abolitionists and early women's rights advocates
- Challenged gender norms by speaking publicly against slavery
## 1838
Trail of Tears
- Forced relocation of Cherokee Nation from southeastern U.S. to Indian Territory
- Result of Indian Removal Act and subsequent treaties
- Led to deaths of thousands of Cherokee people
Frederick Douglass
- Former slave who became prominent abolitionist leader
- Powerful orator and writer
- Published autobiography and newspaper "The North Star"
## 1840
Liberty Party
- First antislavery political party in the United States
- Formed by abolitionists dissatisfied with major parties
- Nominated James G. Birney for president in 1840 and 1844
"Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too"
- Campaign slogan for Whig candidates William Henry Harrison and John Tyler
- Referenced Harrison's military victory at Tippecanoe
- Helped Harrison win 1840 presidential election
## 1848
Seneca Falls Convention
- First women's rights convention in the United States
- Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
- Produced Declaration of Sentiments modeled on Declaration of Independence