AP PSYCH 161-200

VOCAB

•    •   Learning based on association of consequences with behavior: Operant Conditioning

•  Thinking – doesn’t blindly accept arguments/conclusions: Critical Thinking

• Refers to the addition of something pleasant: Positive Reinforcement

•   Body and mind separate; Socrates and Plato: Dualism

•    •   Reinforcing the intermediate steps in the process of learning desired behavior: Shaping

•    •   Used scientific method to conduct experiments: Francis Bacon

•    •   Refers to the removal of something unpleasant: Negative Reinforcement

•    •   Sights, sounds, tastes: Elemental Sensations

•    •   Teaching subjects to perform a number of responses to get a reward: Chaining

•    •   Body and mind aren’t separate; Aristotle: Monism

• WARM UPS

•    •   Hearing loss caused by damage to the system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea: Conductive Hearing Loss

•    •   The addition of something unpleasant: Positive Punishment

•    •   Reason, dreams are when we act out unconscious desires: Sigmund Freud

•    •   The removal of something pleasant: Negative Punishment

•    •   Hearing loss caused by damage to cochlea’s receptor cells: Sensorineural Hearing Loss

•    •   Reinforcers that are naturally rewarding; food, water, sleep: Primary Reinforcers

•    •   Person stops breathing for short periods during sleep: Sleep Apnea

•    •   Learned reinforcers; praise, money: Secondary Reinforcers

•    •   Rewarding desired behavior with tokens to trade for a reward: Token Economy

•    •   Problems falling or staying asleep: Insomnia

• 2.8 INTELLIGENCE NOTES

•    •   Reinforcement based on a variable number of responses; more resistant to extinction: Variable-Ratio Schedule

•    •   A statement of procedures used to define research variables: Operational Definition

•    •   Reinforcement provided after a set number of responses: Fixed-Ratio Schedule

•    •   Outer layer of the brain; wrinkled, human thought: Cerebral Cortex

•    •   Learning by observing others: Observational Learning

•    •   Person: worked to establish asylums for the mentally ill: Dorothea Dix

•    •   Hidden learning; becomes obvious when reinforcement is given: Latent Learning

• Oldest part of the brain; autonomic survival functions: Brainstem

• Rewarding behavior each time it is performed: Continuous Reinforcement

• Neurotransmitter; influences movement, learning, attention: Dopamine

• Occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem: Insight

• Requires a certain amount of time before reward given: Fixed interval schedule

• Indication that learning has persisted over time: Memory

• Study of internal mental processes (in your brain): Cognitive psychology

• Type of thinking; focuses on finding one solution to a problem: Convergent thinking

• Trying multiple solutions before finding one that works: Trial and error

• Ability to trace our thought processes & evaluate effectiveness of how we solved problems: Metacognition

• Type of thinking; multiple solutions to a problem: Divergent thinking

• Step-by-step procedures that provide the correct answer: Algorithms

• Problem-solving rule of thumb; generally used to make a judgment in a situation: Heuristic