History Exam

WWI

1. Assassination of ArchDuke

• June 28, 1914 Archduke of Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia are assassinated

• Assassinated by Serbian nationalists “Black Hand” who wanted Serbia to have independence from Austria-Hungary.

• Gavrillo Princip fired two shots at the archduke

• Black Hand sends coded message to Serbia Capital “Excellent sale of both horses”

• Austria-Hungary then declares war on Serbia 

2. Main Causes of WWI

• Main 4 causes: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.

• Imperialism: essentially taking over other countries' land.

• Nationalism: Extreme love for your country and distaste for other countries

• Militarism: The building up of arms and armies - started with Britain and Germany trying to one up one another.

3. WWI Alliance System

• Triple Entente Alliance: Britain, France, Russia

• Triple Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy.

• Italy leaves the triple alliance and joins the triple entente at the beginning of the war. 

4. New Technology:

• U-Boats: U” stands for “unterseeboot”, meaning under-water-boat

• Bayonet: Blade attached the end of gun, good in close combat, disadvantage is you need to be close to use it.

• Machine Gun: Deadliest weapon in WW1, important in trench warfare, fast, easy to reload, heavy and placed in stands and defended pill boxes.

• Artillery: Causes lots of destruction, little risk to self, and good to launch at enemies.

• Repeating Rifle: shot long distances, not easy to reload, often jams. 

• Grenades: can eliminate/ wound multiple soldiers, must be in throwing distance

• Flame Thrower: causes devastating damage, heavy and only projected a couple meters. 

• Tanks: Provide protection, act as shields as well as a weapon. 

• Poison Gas: deadly, burns eyes, skin and lungs. Cannot be contained. 

5. Trenches:

• Long, narrow excavations in the ground

• Armies on both sides would construct trenches, their two purposes were defence and to stop the enemy from making further advancements. 

• Advantages: Easy to make, easy to defend, cheap to build, and doesn't require many soldiers to defend. 

• Disadvantages: wet, cold, hard to get in and out of without being seen by enemy snipers, dirty, unhygienic, no running water or flushing toilets. 

6. Passchendaele:

• Although Messines Ridge was lost in the battle of Ypres, for 2 years engineers dug under German trench and placed mines, they were all detonated at once and killed over 10000 Germans. When raided with tanks the Germans were confused. This operation was a success and made way for the battle of Paschendaele.

• At the end of September, British lines made it to the base of Passchendaele ridge.

• Paschendaele had thick mud caused by all the rain. The mud was so bad that some soldiers would drown in the mud while other soldiers were left waist deep, plowing through it. They then began laying down wood planks to travel across the mud. 

• During the first battle the mud made it hard for them to make any advancements. 

• During the second battle, although advised against attack by Arthur Curry, Haig went through with his attack. It was a very costly operation which was difficult in the mud. However, in under 15 days Canadians seized all the high ground of Paschendaele, ending the battle.

• This battle left the Canadians and Australians mad at the British for wasting their men. 

7. Vimy Ridge

• Vimy Ridge was one of the most fortified positions the Germans had because of its elevation and its ability to see every move the allies made, French and British failed miserably beforehand in their attempts to take it.

• Canadians were tasked to break the fortress of vimy ridge, Sir Arthur Currie led the operation

• Planes took many photos above vimy ridge to create a replica model of the ridge to use when instructing soldiers

• Currie had engineers dig a massive Tunnel City under Canadian lines, this would allow soldiers to enter the front lines without the Germans seeing, thus making them unaware of a large-scale attack coming

• Every soldier was briefed on the plan and objective so they knew what they were doing and could step up and take charge if needed.

• Curries tactic: Creeping Barrage. 

• It required some artillery to fire continuously at positions just in front of the advancing troops while the rest of the guns bombed the enemy trenches

• Days before the attacks the Canadians bombed German trenches for a week, with better accuracy then the battle of somme

• They attacked on April 9th and caught the Germans by surprise for when they ran to their machine gun posts and Canadians were already there

• In 3 days, the Canadians captured Vimy ridge.

8. Ypres:

• Ypres strategically was a part of the route the Germans were taking to get from Belgium to France. 

• The Canadians arrived after the first battle of Ypres when the British successfully captured the town. However, the Canadians came right in time for a second battle, where the Germans would introduce their new weapon, chlorine gas. 

• On April 22, 1915, the Germans released the gas onto the French front lines. This heavily affected the French lines, for they were caught off guard and did not have proper protection like gas masks to save them from the gas.  

• The Germans began advancing and the Canadians rushed to the front lines. The Canadians held the Germans off for three days. The Canadians held their positions until they received reinforcements.

9. Somme

• The British and Canadians decided to bomb the German trenches for seven consecutive days. Resulting in 1.5 million shells falling on the German lines. 

•  After the 7 days, Field Marshal Haig was confident the German lines had been completely obliterated. However, they were wrong, in reality, most Germans stuck out the bombings in their dugouts and were left untouched. In fact, 70% of German machine guns were still fully functional. 

• So, when the Canadians/British headed to the German front lines, they were met with their machine guns. A disaster was about to unfold. 

• The Canadians and British suffered immense casualties, with 60000 total and 20000 on the first day. This battle continued for the next three months. Tanks were then introduced on September 15, 1916, and were able to advance them a couple thousand yards. 

• This battle was considered a small British Victory.

10. Sir Arthur Currie:

• Was under command of Byng during WW1

• Strategist in charge of Vimy Ridge operation

11. Battle At Sea:

• Dreadnought Scare: The Dreadnought Scare was when Germany challenged Britain.

12. Jutland:

• Naval battle fought by Royal Naval Grand Fleet, against Imperial Germany High Seas Fleet

• Largest Naval battle in the war. 

13. Battle in the Air:

• Aircrafts served two main purposes: gather intel and bombing

• Dog fights: two planes fighting in the air, shooting each other pistols which later became machine guns 

• Zeppelins: Large blimps used to drop bombs. 

14. Halifax Explosion:

• Two Allied ships collided in the busy harbor (Mont Blanc and Imo)

• The ship caught fire, drifted and at 9:06 am, the Mont Blanc’s cargo of high explosives 

15. Government funding of WWI:

• Recruiting stations were overflowing, many people were eager to enlist

• Canada was in a depression before WW1, however factory jobs opened up to supply the army. 

16. Homefront:

• The federal government decided in 1917 to conscript young men to overseas military services

• Racism in Recruitment: indigenous people initially not allowed to apply, asian canadians reluctantly allowed, black canadians put in black-only-battalions. 

• Enemy aliens; people required to carry around ID’s. People were sent to internment camps to do labour. 

• Women: Got better work conditions, the right to work for women, got the right to vote and own land.

• Women began volunteering, helped in recruitment, got jobs in the industry. 

17. Trench Warfare:

• Soldiers would climb out of the trenches and charge across the battlefield

• Both sides would make trenches

• Served as defence and stopped enemies from making advancements 

18. Treaty of Versailles

• Discussed Germany's fate

• Germany had to reduce the size of its military

• Peace treaty signed in Versailles, Paris.

• Redrew borders

• Required germany to take responsibility for all the lose and damage it caused the allies and civilians

• Germany had to pay for all wartime damages

19. Propaganda:

• are facts, opinions and allegations that are used to promote one’s cause or damage an opposing cause

• Spread mostly through posters in public places during WW1

• Encouraged men to enlist, buy victory bonds, give to the patriotic fund, Canadians to be thrifty,   the just war and enemy as evil. 

20. Billy Bishop:

• Top Scoring Aceof all allied pilots!

• Victoria Cross recipient

21. William George Barker:

• Most decorated Canadian during WW1

• Victoria Cross Recipient

22. Convoy System:

• Groups of merchant ships are protected by naval escort ships

• a method of transporting ships or vehicles in groups for protection and support

• Also collected intel 

23. Douglas Haig

• Commanded British army on western front during WW1

• Achieved great victories

24. Lusitania:

• In 1915, a U-boat torpedoed the Lusitania, a British passenger liner that was also Secretly carrying war supplies to Britain (remember, officially the US wasn’t taking a part in the war)

• More than half the passengers, including 128 Americans, went down with the ship

• What led the Americans to enter the war

25. Roberet Borden:

• Prime minister during WW1

• Declared war when Britain did

26. Sam Hughes:

• Sam Hughes served as Canada's Minister of Militia and Defence from 1911 and was removed by Robert Borden in 1916.

• Success: Oversaw construction of Camp Valcartier and boosted Canada's pre-law regular force 

• Failures: Provides soldiers with poor equipment and the Ross Rifle.

27. Hitlers Plan:

• Final Solution: plan that the nazis have against the jews and the whole world

1920s

1. How did WWI change world

• Created new countries, new attitudes and expectations

• People wanted to forget the war and losses and return to normal life

2. Canadian Economy

• Canadas economy began growing stronger

• Demand for Canadians products grew, which created more jobs

• People began mass producing items like cars, radios and telephones. 

3. Politics

• Liberal party divided over conscription issue

• Wanted a leader who would unite the party and win the election. New leader was Mackenzie King

• Arthur Meighen, conservative leader after Borden resigned, Prime Minister till 1920. 

• King wins in a minority government

• King Byng affair: King asked Byng (the representative for the king) if he could call a new election. Byng declined, which caused an argument of who should have the most power. The one running the country or the person representing the king. An election ended up happening and King won. 

4. Treatment of Aboriginals

• Residential schools were created to assimilate first nations children through education.  became mandatory in 1920 and made it so that children between the ages of 7 and 15 to attend these schools. The conditions of these schools were horrible. Students were forced to do labour, had poor healthcare, experienced abuse from teachers and had inadequate living conditions. Weremainly run by churches, so religious values were engraved into the children whilst suppressing their original indigenous spirituality. 

• Denied war pension and the right to vote and govern themselves. 

• Reserves were created

5. Immigration Policy

• Prevented certain people from entering Canada: African Americans, Asians from India, China, and Japan were all unwelcomed. 

• Blacks were openly discriminated against 

• Chinese immigrant act: workers in canada couldn't bring their wife or children

6. Winnipeg General Strike

• A general strike of all union members, their goal was to bargain as a group with employers, better pay and improved working conditions. 

7. Quality of Life

• economy is good and stable 

• People are able to afford more extravagant lifestyles

• People began moving into towns and cities

• Canadians could afford consumer goods

8. New Technology (car, radio)

• Automobile: Top consumer item, a car

• Radios, electric toasters, irons, sewing machines, and washing machines.

9. Frederick Banting: 

• Created insulin in 1921

10. Flappers

• Flappers were woman who lived conformist lives 

11. Buying on Margin

• getting a loan from your brokerage and using the money from the loan to invest in more securities than you can buy with your available cash,  in hopes to make more money. 

12. Prohibition

• Made alcohol illegal in 1917 in all provinces except Quebec, many ignored this law. Speakeasy: place to buy liquor. Bootleggers: Those who sold it. 

13. Assembly Line

• Breaks the manufacturing of goods into a sequence of steps

1930s

1. Black Tuesday

• asset value is what something is really worth

• market value is what it's sold for and what people are willing to pay for it 

• everyone tries to sell their stocks on black tuesday, leaving no one left to buy them. 

• People bought stocks with other people's money from banks and loan sharks and still owed them money, however they lost their money when the stock market crashed, leaving them in debt.

2. Economics of Recession/Depression

• Caused by stock market crash

• Many people lose their jobs

• Businesses are forced to shut down

• People cannot afford goods which caused economy to suffer

• Banks demand money from unpaid loans

3. New Political Parties in the 1930s

• Mackenzie king lost 1930 election after telling Canadians business was never better, before the stock market crashed

• Conservative leader R.B Bennet becomes prime minister

4. Dust Bowls:

• the earth gets so dry that the earth looks like “dust” creating dust storms.

• Major drought in the west that ruined crops. 

5. Relief Camps

• various levels of Gov’t began to worry about the number of unemployed men roaming the country

• Created camps for unemployed single men

• Overpopulated and had poor living conditions.

6. On to Ottawa Trek

• Protest of relief camp members in 1935 during Great Depression

7. Government Response to Depression

• nothing

8. R.B. Bennett

• Prime minister from 1931-1935

• business man 

9. Quality of Life:

• Many canadians faced starvation

• People left in debt to pay back loans 

• Unemployment increases

10. Riding the Rods:

• Hobos riding at the bottom of trains as a means of transportation.

11. Bennett Buggy:

• Bennett buggies are vehicles with their engine taken out and a horse pulling the car. This is because they cannot afford gas and they could make money off selling their engine. some people purposely brought bennet buggies 

WWII

1. Causes of WWII

• Treaty of Versailles

• Fascist Italy and Germany

• Japan invades china

• Germany’s invasion of germany brings the allies into the war

2. Germany post WWI

• Germany facing severe economic depression, inflation and political unrest.

• Germany faced restrictions during the treaty of versailles to prevent them from being able to threaten people again; The restrictions were military restrictions, reparations (paying money to the countries they damaged), Lost border land (between denmark), lost coal mines and factories. 

3. Fascism in Italy and Germany

• Fascist Italy: Benito Mussolini was a fascist leader who took power inItaly and took away its democracy.

• Hitler formed the NAZI party: National Socialist German Workers Party

• Hitler unleashed his master plan with a powerful army

4. Joseph Stalin: 

• leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953

• Ruthless Dictator

• Communist

5. Benito Mussilini:

• Benito Mussolini was a fascist leader who took power and italy and took away its democracy.

• Mussolini aka. Il Duce stormed rome with ww1 veterans and took power with his followers known as the black shirts.

• He banned political parties. 

6. Adolf Hitler:

• Would profit from Germany’s desperation

• Decorated WWI Veteran

• Master public speaker

• Said out-loud what many Germans secretly thought and wanted

• Leader of Nazi party

• De fuhrer

7. The Munich Agreement

• Leaders of italy, france and britain met with hitler.

• Hitler could have Sudetenland, however, hitler must stop asking for additional territory. 

• Importance was to prevent war from breaking out.

8. Nazi-Soviet Pact: 

• Hitler hated communism

• Stallin hated nationalism

• Both agreed not to go to war with one another.

• Secretly divided poland into two. 

9. Policy of Appeasement

• Chamberlains policy

• Returned german demands

• Chamberlain told the world what he wanted to “appease” him. 

• People thought hitler was being reasonable to they adopted the policy’s

10. Kristallnacht

• Jews sent to concentration camps

• Jewish business and synagogues are ransacked by german police.

11. Anschluss:

• Nazi Germany unionizes with Austria 

• Austria was mostly German speaking

12. Blitzkrieg

• Lightning war

• First seen in poland

• Hard, usually a surprise attack and fast warefare. 

13. Fall of Poland/France

• Winston Churchill warned France to guard its mountainous regions for fear of German invasions

• The French fell for the manstein plan, a plan that would fool them into thinking the Germans were coming through the north when in reality they were coming through the south. 

• Nazi’s march into Paris in 1940, 3 days later France surrenders. 

• Nazi’s take hold of france and use greedy french politicians to oversea french colonies.

14. Miracle at Dunkirk:

• Between May and June 1940, Allied soldiers were evacuated from Dunkirk, France, after being cut off and surrounded by the German army during the Battle of France. 

• Despite initial estimates of 10,000 saved, 340,000 were rescued.

• Some believe that this was the miracle that prevented the germans from taking over britain. 

15. Battle of Britain:

• Savage air attack by nazi germany onto britain.

• Hitler tries to break the will of people

• Churchill orders bombing to berlin

• Hitler bombs London

• Giant air battles

• London Blitz

16. Battle of the Atlantic:

• Invasion of british imminent

• Maintain continuous supply of food and munitions. 

• Offense would need to be launched from Britain to win the war.

17. War in the Air:

• 250 000  Canadian participants 

• Attacked Nazi Germany France by attacking German Air Bases, Gun positions, Military HQ’s and railroads. 

18. Pearl Harbor

• Japan surprise attacks Pearl Harbor (located in Hawaii), brings USA into ww2

• Happened in 1941

19. Dieppe

• Known as Canada’s darkest day

• Battle across english channel where canadians faced many loses

• Tanks got stuck in large beach pebbles, leaked intelligence (Germans knew they were coming) and due to Germany's elevation, their forces were able to fire down on landing crafts.

20. Italian Campaign (Sicily and Ortona)

• Canadians face German troops in Ortona - Ortona is on route to rome. 

• Canadians put the civilians first and act in a more costly manner that decreases the amount of citizen deaths.

21. Operation Barbarossa

• 1939 russia signs a pact with germany if non aggression 

• In 1941 Germany  broke this pact and invaded the Soviet Union. 

• This attack is called Operation Barbosa. 

• Russia joins allies

• The German military underestimates the Russian climate and is ill-equipped for the harsh winters. 

22. D-Day and Juno Beach

• Stationed at Juno beach ( 1 out of 5 beaches), second most guarded beach

• Canadian army was the only allied force to achieve its goal in the first day

• Took over many towns, cleared the english channel for invasion.

23. Liberation of Netherlands

• Largest Canadian assault in history

• Drove out Nazis into northern germany. 

24. War in Pacific/Atomic Bomb

• America dropped the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and nagasaki.; save American lives, Japanese refuse to surrender. 

25. Concentration Camps

• Camps were used to slowly get rid of the Jewish population in regulated and manageable manner

• The holocaust was the prosecution of over 6 million jews.

26. Technology and Innovations

• Atomic bombs

• radars

27. Conscription:

• King rejected conscription in 1939 and 1940 (wanted to keep country united)

• 1942 King held a Plebiscite (special vote on specific proposal)

1945-1990

1. U.N., Cold War and the Iron Curtain

• Cold War” = power struggle being fought by every means short of all-out war. Tension between US and Soviet Union. Fought with Spies (espionage), Propaganda, Economic and Political Pressures, Limited Military Aggression, Arms Race

• UN: international organization, nations could meet, replace the league of nations, and find peaceful solutions. 

• Iron curtain: divides communist europe with democratic europe. 

• In 1962, the world came very close to nuclear war

• U.S surveillance discovered soviet missile crisis in Cuba

2. NATO and Warsaw Pact

• NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Warsaw Pact: Soviet Union response to NATO. The Soviet Union makes alliances with several European countries. West and East Berlin separated with Berlin Wall

3. Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan

• Marshall Plan: 706 million in food, equipment, and raw materials to Europe. Fearing a weak Europe could be overthrown, the US and Canada donate 13.5 billion.

4. Gouzenko Affair

• Young clerk in Soviet Embassy in Ottawa

• Placed under protective custody

• He defects

5. St. Laurent, Diefenbaker

• St.Laurent: 12th prime minister ,Liberal, prime architect of Canada' international policies after WWII and promoted Canadian membership in NATO

• Diefenbaker: Conservative, Wins 1957 election, Creates bill of rights

6. Korean War

• Communist North Korea attack Democratic South Korea in 1950

• UN authorized a military to attack North Korea after they failed to comply

7. Kapyong:

• Battle of Kapyong - 2nd Battalion, PPCLI, tasked with the defence of the Kapyong Valley. 

• Delayed Chinese forces for three days 

• U.N. forces withdrew to a new defensive line, thus saving Seoul.

8. Avro Arrow

• Fastest and most advanced of its time 

• Cancelled in 1959, potential reasons; too expensive, american interest

• Many people lost their jobs because of its cancellation.

9. Lester B. Pearson

• Liberal

• Wins 1969 election 

• 1st Canadian to win noble prize forhis role is Suez crisis

• Creates medicare, canadian pension plan, and public housing. 

10. Canadian Flag

• New flag in 1965

11. 60s Scoop

• Happened through 1960’s-1980’s where indigenous children would be taken out of their homes and put up for adoption for non-indigenous parents. Usually done in the best interest for the child, not good living conditions, parents unfit to parent etc. 

12. Pierre Trudeau, Just Society

• Was elected to the House of Commons before he became liberal leader

• Liberal leader after Lester B. Pearson died

• His intelligence, wit and charisma captivated many canadians. 

13. Quiet Revolution 

• Quiet Revolution: Leader Jean Lesage, after last premier of quebec died. 

• Promised to end corruption and patronage that has characterized the Duplessis government.  

• Victory marked the start of a stunning transformation in Quebec society on all fronts, political, social, cultural and industrial. 

• They called it La Revolution tranquille (The Quiet Revolution).

14. Quebec Separatism, FLQ/October Crisis

• Separatists: People who wanted Quebec to be separated from the rest of Canada

• Quebec Separatism

• Quiet Revolution led to Quebec nationalism and terrorism

• Trudeau combatted this by enforcing the War Measure Act

• Fronte de Libération du Québec, FLQ kidnap 4 men

• War Measure Act: Take away civil rights, Police arrest without reading rights or reason, 400 arrests in Quebec and send in Canadian troops.

15. Official Languages Act

• Gave equal status to French and English languages and made Canada a bilingual nation

16. Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms

• Passed by trudeau 

• Protects rights and freedoms, includes right to equality and expression

17. Bill 101, Meech Lake Accord

• Give provinces more power

• Was only a proposition for the constitution

• Would recognize quebec as a distinct society within Canada

18. Peacekeeping – Medak Pocket

• War between borders of croatia and serbia during croatian war of independence, happened between 1992-1995

• 7 days of ethnic cleansing by serb forces

• Canadian soldiers watch villages burn and hear screams of tortured civilians

• Most significant fighting for Canada’s forces since the Korean War

• Canadians pushed Croats back to their original lines and restored the UN’s missions credibility.

19. Trans-Canada Pipeline:

• Carry Oil/Natural Gas from Alberta to Eastern Canada

20. Bill of Rights

• Human rights and freedom

• Gave indigenous people the right to vote.

21. James Cross:

• Kidnapped by FLQ members during October Crisis

22. Pierre Laport:

• Deputy Premier of Quebec who was kidnapped by FLQ and killed.