seminar questionnaire

🔹 Operationalization Table

Q21. What are the main columns of an operationalization table? Conceptual definition – Operational definition – Dimensions – Indicators – Scale of measurement.

Q22. Example: How would you operationalize the variable Academic performance? Conceptual: Level of achievement in school tasks. Operational: Measured through grades, attendance, and participation. Dimensions: Cognitive, behavioral. Indicators: Test scores, class attendance. Scale: Ratio (grades), nominal (attendance: present/absent).

Q23. Why is operationalization important? Because it allows abstract concepts to be measured objectively in research.

Q24. Why are simple variables easier to measure? Because they don’t need to be divided into dimensions.

Q25. Why do complex variables require operationalization?Because they consist of multiple aspects that must be broken down into measurable indicators.

Q26. What is the difference between conceptual and operational definition? Conceptual = theoretical meaning; Operational = measurable meaning.

Q27. What scale would you use to measure “Level of agreement in a survey” (strongly agree → strongly disagree)?Ordinal.

Q28. What scale would you use to measure “Age in years” Ratio.

Q29. What scale would you use to measure “Temperature in Fahrenheit”? Interval.

Q30. Example of an intervening variable between study hours (IV) and exam performance (DV)? Sleep quality.

🔹 General Definitions

Q31. How does Kerlinger (1985) define a variable?A variable is a symbol that represents any quantity that can take different numerical values.

Q32. How does Hernández, Fernández & Baptista (2010) define a variable? A variable is any characteristic or property of an object, event, or person that can be measured or observed and can vary.

Q33. How does Sampieri define a variable? As a property that can fluctuate and whose variation is measurable or observable.

Q34. How does Sabino (1992) define a variable? A variable is a property that, when measured in different subjects, takes different values.

Q35. According to Fidias (2011), what is a variable?A variable is a property, quality, or characteristic of persons or objects that can be measured and varies among them.

🔹 Conceptual vs. Operational

Q36. How do Kerlinger & Lee define an operational definition?An operational definition specifies the activities or operations necessary to measure or manipulate a variable.

Q37. According to Hernández et al., what is a conceptual definition? It is the theoretical meaning of a variable, expressed in words and derived from theory or literature.

Q38. According to Fidias (2011), what is the importance of the operational definition? It allows abstract variables to become measurable through observable indicators.

🔹 Types of Variables (Authors)

Q39. According to Hernández et al., what are the main types of variables? Independent (cause), Dependent (effect), Intervening (mediating factor)

Q40. What distinction does Sabino (1992) make between simple and complex variables? Simple variables are indivisible (e.g., age). Complex variables require dimensions (e.g., socioeconomic status).

🔹 Dimensions & Indicators (Authors)

Q41. According to Tamayo (2003), what are dimensions ?Logical specifications that divide a complex variable into analyzable parts.

Q42. According to Hernández et al., what are indicators? Observable manifestations of a variable or dimension that allow measurement.

🔹 Measurement Scales (Authors)

Q43. Who introduced the four scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)? S.S. Stevens (1946).

Q44. According to Hernández et al., why are scales important?Because they establish the rules and precision for quantifying variables.

🔹 Operationalization (Authors)

Q45. How does Dankhe define operationalization? It is the process of transforming theoretical concepts into measurable variables.

Q46. According to Fidias, what is the minimum content of an operationalization table? Conceptual definition, operational definition, dimensions, indicators, and measurement scale.