Topic	Definition	Significance
Progressive Movement	A social and political movement aimed at addressing issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption.	Led to reforms improving working conditions, women's rights, and increasing government accountability.
Muckrakers	Investigative journalists who exposed societal issues and corruption through their writings.	Helped raise public awareness and catalyze reforms; notable works include Sinclair's "The Jungle" and Riis's "How the Other Half Lives."
Florence Kelley	A reformer and advocate for women’s and children’s labor rights and better working conditions.	Instrumental in labor law reforms and the establishment of child labor laws.
Graft	The use of political influence for personal gain, often leading to corruption.	Highlighted the need for political reform and transparency in government dealings.
Coal Miners’ Strike 1902	A major strike by coal miners seeking better wages and conditions, resulting in federal intervention.	Established the precedent for government to mediate between labor and management.
Elkins and Hepburn Act	Legislation aimed at regulating railroad rates and ending unfair practices.	Strengthened federal control over interstate commerce and curtailed corporate monopolies.
Trust-Busting	The practice of breaking up monopolies and promoting competition, notably pursued by Presidents Roosevelt and Taft.	Fostered fair competition and reduced corporate control over the economy.
Initiative, Referendum, Recall	Political reforms allowing citizens to propose laws (initiative), vote on laws (referendum), and remove officials (recall).	Empowered voters and increased democratic participation.
Social Gospel	A religious movement advocating for social justice and reform based on Christian ethics.	Helped integrate moral imperatives into social reform efforts, influencing labor rights activism.
Imperialism	The policy of extending a country's influence through diplomacy or military force.	Expanded U.S. territorial and economic reach, shaping global politics and American identity.
Land Acquired from SPAM War	Territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were annexed following the Spanish-American War.	Marked a shift towards American imperialism and increased U.S. influence in the Caribbean and Pacific.
Alfred Thayer Mahan	A naval officer whose writings emphasized the importance of naval power for national greatness.	His ideas shaped U.S. naval strategy and foreign policy, contributing to naval expansion.
Yellow Journalism	Sensationalized news reporting to influence public opinion, particularly before the Spanish-American War.	Played a significant role in generating public support for the war through exaggerated coverage.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty	An agreement that allowed the U.S. to construct a canal through Central America without British interference.	Enabled the construction of the Panama Canal, enhancing U.S. naval and trade capabilities.
Open Door Policy	U.S. policy advocating for equal trading rights in China for all nations.	Aimed to ensure access to Chinese markets while preventing European colonial dominance.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty	Treaty granting the U.S. control over the Panama Canal Zone in exchange for financial compensation.	Secured a strategic military and commercial waterway for the U.S.
Panama Canal	A crucial waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, allowing quicker maritime trade.	Enhanced U.S. naval power and trade efficiency, becoming a key component of American strategy.
Roosevelt Corollary	An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain stability.	Established the U.S. as a regional police power and justified interventionist policies.
World War I	A global conflict from 1914-1918 involving major world powers, triggered by several interrelated causes.	Had profound implications for international relations and led to the emergence of the U.S. as a world power.
4 Main Causes of WWI	Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism were primary contributors to the outbreak of war.	These factors created a volatile political landscape in Europe, making conflict inevitable.
Sinking of the Lusitania	The British ocean liner sunk by a German submarine in 1915, killing many Americans.	Contributed to U.S. public outrage and spurred American entry into WWI.
Reasons for U.S. Involvement	Factors such as German unrestricted submarine warfare, strong ties to Allies, and the Zimmermann Telegram prompted U.S. action.	Marked a pivotal shift in U.S. foreign policy from isolationism to active involvement.
Espionage and Sedition Acts	Laws that limited freedom of speech and dissent during WWI, allowing for the prosecution of those opposing the war.	Raised significant concerns about civil liberties and government overreach during wartime.
Schenck v. United States	Supreme Court case that upheld limits on free speech during wartime under the "clear and present danger" standard.	Set important legal precedents regarding civil liberties during times of conflict.
AEF and John J. Pershing	The American Expeditionary Forces led by General John J. Pershing played a crucial role in the Allied victory.	Marked U.S. military empowerment and demonstrated effectiveness of American forces in combat.
Committee on Public Information (CPI)	Government agency promoting U.S. involvement in WWI and encouraging public support through propaganda.	Shaped public opinion and mobilized support for war efforts throughout the nation.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points	President Wilson's proposed framework for post-war peace emphasizing self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations.	Provided a moral basis for the U.S. entry into the war and influenced post-war diplomatic negotiations.
Treaty of Versailles	The treaty ending WWI, which imposed reparations on Germany and established the League of Nations.	Significantly reshaped Europe and contributed to the conditions leading to WWII due to its punitive terms.
U.S. Senate and the Treaty of Versailles	The Senate ultimately rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the U.S. did not join the League of Nations.	This decision highlighted divisions in American politics regarding internationalist versus isolationist policies, impacting global relations post-WWI.

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Goals/Ideas of the Progressive Movement

U.S. Imperialism Goals

Reasons for America Joining WWI

Roosevelt Policies: Foreign and Domestic

Politics During Progressive Era

Progressive Amendments: 16-19

Results/End of World War I

Reasons for and Against Imperialism

Causes and Effects of SPAM (Spanish-American War)

Analyzing Political Cartoons

Analyzing WWI Propaganda

Important Documents and Their Significance

Gilded Age Issues

Additional Resources