Untitled Flashcards Set

IMPORTANT TERMS

• Cell division is a crucial biological process that results in two daughter cells from a single parent cell. This process includes several stages such as interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis, each playing a significant role in the overall replication and distribution of genetic material. The structure of a cell during division shows distinct phases whereby chromosomes condense and align at the cell's center before being pulled apart by the spindle apparatus.

• The interphase is where chromosomes are copied and change to sister chromatids at the end of the phase.

• The Prophase is when the chromosomes become visible, and as paired chromatids also known as sister chromatids.

• The Metaphase is when the chromosomes become paired to the spindle fibers.

• The Anaphase is when the sister chromatids separate and move apart to opposite parts of the pole.

• The Telophase is when chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

• Cytokinesis is when the cells divide at the end of mitosis or meosis, that allow the cells to separate into two sister cells.

• Mitosis is the process in cell division in which cells replicate identically by division of the cells nucleus.

• Biogenesis is the concept that all cells come from preexisting cells

• Meiosis is the process that determines how sex/reproductive cells are produced for the soul purpose of reproduction.

• Sex cells are called gametes

• Somatic cells are all the cells that aren’t involved in reproduction

  QUESTIONS AND HELP

• Why do cells divide?

  1. Growth

  2. repair

  3. reproduction

• DNA is made right before cell division

Which three phases make up interphase?

1. G2

2. S

3. G1

Where do most cells do their growing?

G1

Where are chromosomes replicated, and the synthesis of DNA takes place?

S

Where is where many of the organelles and molecules are required for cell division?

G2

What shape is a chromosome?

X-shape

What holds the two sister chromatids together?

Centromere

Transcription is the process in which it makes RNA.

Translation is the process in which RNA is converted into proteins.

Where DNA wraps around is called a Histome.

Unorganized DNA is called chromatin.

Cells spend most of their time in the intraphase.

During cell division, chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes, allowing for accurate separation of genetic material.

How many strands does DNA have? 2 (double)

How many strands does RNA have? 1 (one)

What is DNA’s sugar? Deoxyribose

What is RNA’s sugar? Ribose

What bases are different in RNA? In RNA, Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T)

What does DNA and RNA have in common? Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids essential for the storage and transmission of genetic information, playing critical roles in cell division and replication processes. \

What are the 3 types of RNA? mRNA,tRNA,rRNA

What does mRNA do? (Message RNA) Sends the message from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized based on the sequence of bases.

What does tRNA do? (Transfer RNA) transfers the amino acids in RNA to the ribosomes.

What does rRNA do? (Ribosomal RNA) Where the proteins are made for the ribosomes.

What is a Codon? The code for 3 bases.

What is a Anti-Codon? The opposite bases to match code.

Transcription is the making of RNA using the template of DNA; Unzips DNA and copy gene.

When is transcription done? All the time.

What is RNA Polymerase? Enzymes to proofread replication, connects RNA together into a chain.

AUG is the start codon.

Process of transcription happens until a terminal stop signal is reached.

Proteins are made of Polypeptide chains.

Polypeptide chains are many amino acids connected together in a long strand.

mRNA leaves through the nucleases pore and goes to the ribosome.

mRNA binds to rRNA, looks like a sandwich.

The mRNA’s info is read in groups of 3 bases called CODON’S.

As each codon is being read, tRNA matches up with mRNA pattern (Anti-codon)

Ribosome pattern is:

#1: A

#2: P

#3: E

A stands for (Accept) and accepts mRNA and its matching codon.

P stands for peptide bond forms for amino acids.

E stands for (Empty) and empties the codons and goes to pick up new amino acids.

Codon and anti-codon steps:

#1: Each tRNA also carries with it a specific amino acid

#2: tRNA travels over to the ribosome, the codon and the anti-codon matches and the amino acid is dropped.

Codon equation: 4³ = 64 codons on DNA = 20 total amino acids

A string of amino acid is released from ribosome and sent out.

CODONS ONLY GO IN CHART FROM mRNA AND NOT ANTI-CODON FROM tRNA.