Casta System	Spanish born Spaniards American born Spaniards European and Indigenous Mix European and African Mix Indigenous and African Mix Indigenous Descent African Descent
Pueblo Revolt	In 1680, resistance of spanish with resulted in a temporary spanish expulsion
Bartolomé De Las Casas	Observed treatment of native americans and wrote a horrible report Fueled the “black legend” Led to other european nations thinking “we can do better”
Jamestown	1607 Brought the wrong kind of colonists→ were all “gentlemen” and didn’t know how to raw dog nature Would just steal food from the natives 1611 Strict laws and societal control saved the colony Grew and prospered through headright system Planted Tobacco which dries out land→ leads to wanting more land and tensions with natives
Headright System	50 acres for the person and 50+ for every person you bring across the ocean with you Indentured servants
Opechancanough War	1622 Natives attack white In 1623 Colonists take revenge and tried to whip out all native ppl
Encomienda System	A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.
House of Burgesses	Virginians colonists promised full right of englishmen and created representative government Democratically elected
Proprietary Colonies	Land granted by the king Maryland, The Carolina’s, Georgia, Pennsylvania
Virginia	1607 Tobacco First colony to be founded Joint stock company
Maryland	1634 Proprietary colony, owned by lord baltimore Refuge for english catholics but many protestants settled Learned from the mistakes of virginia Catholicism was outlawed because of the English Civil War
Carolina’s	Proprietary colony North was populated by virginia’s South populated by barbadian transplants who brought slavery Governed by large landowners Haven for religious tolerance Lumber, pine tar Cash crop: rice which depends on slave labor
Georgia	1732 Last colony to be founded Buffer between english colonies and spanish florida Refuge for religious persecution Rice & Enslavement
Massachusetts (1630)	“City on a hill” Puritans Valued order Persecuted non-puritans
Rhode Island	Roger Willams Anne Hutchinson Refuge for religious freedom
NE Economy	Subsistence agriculture Maritime
New York & New Jersey	Originally dutch: dutch east india company Tradition Patroon system Purchased from native americans which led to better relations with them Charles II attacked New Netherlands and Peter Stuyvesant surrendered Makes deal that settlers, church, government, and language stays
Patroon System	Favorite people get big grants of land
Pennsylvania	Proprietary colony Quakers! pacifism → against war and violence
slavery	Slave codes Considered property Incentivized assaulting women
Bacon’s Rebellion	Race > Class Virginia adopted more aggressive policy against native americans Slavery over Indentured Servitude because it was cheaper Bacon v Governor Berkely
The Urban Web	Overland Travel and Connection. The web was created in tavern’s along the route as it was considered dangerous to travel overnight. Tavern’s became a center of society as it was where news was spread, information was gathered, and communities prospered. They became incredibly democratic places as all social classes could gather together for a drink
Women	Expected to conform to social norms Coverture: all income and property the woman brought into the marriage became the mans
George Whitefield	First great awakening preacher Focused on conversion
Jonathan Edwards	Passionate sermons with vivid imagery of heaven and hell
Enlightenment and the First Great Awakening	Emphasized individualism Mistrust of authority, toleration of dissent Influence conflict with rurope Enlightenment with rich people Great awakening for poor people

John Peter Zenger	was a printer and journalist acquitted on charges of seditious libel under the British colonial government. The trial paved the way for American commitment to the freedom of the press
Coercive Acts	Punishment for Boston Tea Party Boston Port closed until everything dumped into harbor is paid back New quartering acts Impartial administration of justice act→ is a british soldier commits a crime in the colonies, their trial would be in london
Mercy Otis Warren & Philis Wheatley	Challenged sexist ideas is DOI
Women in the revolution	Women start rethinking traditional roles but at the end of the war, stupid ideas are reimposed
Deborah Simpson	Fought in the revolution until found
The treaty of paris	British and americans sign treaty America’s western border is the mississippi river
Shays’ Rebellion	Rebels protest taxes because they had bad growing season Leads to new constitution
Jay’s treaty	Washington’s neutrality policy during french revolution French and British do NOT respect this policy Start seizing ships, never left the frontier forts John Jay goes to france and gets a treaty done but has to give up alot to get it done
Battle of Fallen Timbers	The Battle of Timbers, on August 20, 1794, was the last major conflict of the Northwest Territory Indian War between Native Americans and the United States.
XYZ Affair	a diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War
Treaty of Greeneville	Signed after the battle of Fallen Timbers Indians ceded much of present-day Ohio, By the terms of the treaty, the Indians also ceded parts of Indiana, Illinois and Michigan.
Pinckney’s Treaty	It resolved territorial disputes between Spain and the US granted American ships the right to free navigation of the Mississippi River duty-free transport through the port of New Orleans, then under Spanish control.
The Glorious Revolution	The colonists were temporarily freed of strict, anti-Puritan laws after King James was overthrown.
Continental Association	Meeting of the continental congress which led to the adoption of this article Restricted imports/exports & boycott
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	They declared that the Alien and Seditions act was unconstitutional but this lead to the government saying that the feds had more power than states

Albert Gallatin	Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson and Madison, reduced the national debt and funded internal improvements. fiscal policies both strengthened Democratic-Republican ideals of limited government and financial prudence, pointed to the genius of Alexander Hamilton’s actions as Secretary of the Treasury Middle ground between strong and weak national government ideas.
Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who united Native tribes to resist U.S. expansion and allied with the British during the War of 1812 Defeated by Harrison Wanted a Panindian confederacy
Horace Mann	Wanted state-wide tax paid education system Massachusetts
Sojourner Truth	Tapped distinctive energies that women brought to reformist causes wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin spoke about the inequality of women
Grimke Sisters	Born to wealthy SC family, served by enslaved people soon joined Quakers and denounced slavery spoke to audiences, resisted the fact that women were seen as “inferior creatures” linked efforts to free enslaved people with their desire to free women form male domination
Lucretia Mott	Philadelphia Quaker, abolitionist, organized Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton	New York, abolitionist organized Seneca Falls Convention
Susan B. Anthony	Already active in temperance and anti-slavery groups unmarried and devoted most of her attention to the women’s rights movement
Barbary War	Conflict between U.S. and North African states over piracy and demands for tribute First significant overseas military engagement for the U.S. Navy. Hurt American Pride
Battle of Lake Champlain	American Victory during the war of 1812 that secured the northern border
Seminole War	A series of conflicts between the U.S. and the Seminole people of Florida over land and Native American removal. Led to the purchase of Florida from Spain for 5 million dollars.
Worcester v Georgia	Supreme Court case that ruled Georgia’s laws over Cherokee land unconstitutional, but President Andrew Jackson ignored the decision.
Marbury V Madison	judicial review
Mcculloch V Maryland	Supreme court case that affirmed federal superiority
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	Cherokee Nation sought federal protection from Georgia’s laws The USSC ruling they lacked standing as a foreign nation
Panics of 1837	Financial crisis caused by speculation the collapse of state banks, the destruction of the 2nd B.U.S. Jackson’s Species Circular leading to economic depression Martin Van Buren didn’t do anything about it which lost him the election
Adams-Onis Treaty	this clarified the Western boundary from Gulf of Mexico N to 42nd parallel- West to Pacific coast
Monroe Doctrine	1: The western hemisphere could no longer be colonized by European powers 2: US oppose any attempt of European nations to impose political system anywhere in hemisphere 3: The U.S. would not interfere with any current colonies of European nations 4: US keep out of internal affairs of European nations and their wars Had no legal standing irl
Species Circular	Executive order issued by Andrew Jackson requiring land purchases to be made in gold or silver contributing to the Panic of 1837 with the National Bank destroyed.
Tariff of Abominations	Tariff of 1828 Tariff angered South Carolina, making them pass Nullification Bills to nullify the tariff and start the Nullification Crisis
Empire of Liberty	Jeffersons way to justify territorial growth (louisiana purchase)

James Gillespie Birney	a prominent opponent of slavery in the United States twice the presidential candidate of the abolitionist Liberty Party
Joshua Glover	was enslaved in St. Louis, Missouri. As a young man he sought freedom in Wisconsin, only to be recaptured after a friend betrayed him. Defying the Fugitive Slave Act, Sherman Booth and other abolitionists helped Joshua escape via the Underground Railroad He later settled in Canada as a free man.
“Positive Good”	the idea that slavery was a positive good for everyone involved, not a necessary evil.
Stephen F Austin	Led movement for the Texan Revolution
Cotton Whigs	proslavery whigs
Conscience Whigs	Part of the newly formed Republican Party, anti-slavery
Sam Houston	led the Texian army in the Mexican-American War after the Alamo and won the battle of San Jacinto. He forced general Santa anna to recognize Texan independence.
Third-Party System	Republican Party, created in Ripon WI, vs Southern Democrats. When parties split by geographical lines.
Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty	treaty that solved the border dispute with Britain over northern Oregon territory, border drawn at 49th parallel
The Lecompton Constitution	The constitution was created for a pro-slavery Kansas and only allowed pro-slavery delegates into the convention. The constitution was approved through force and violence. It was then denied by Congress who wanted Kansas to redo it all because they knew about the meddling.
Roger B Taney	chief justice of the supreme court and known for the Dred Scott v Sandford decision
First Manassas	he First Battle of Bull Run (called First Manassas in the South) cost some 3,000 Union casualties, compared with 1,750 for the Confederates. Its outcome sent northerners who had expected a quick, decisive victory reeling, and gave rejoicing southerners a false hope that they themselves could pull off a swift victory
John C Fremont	He was a United States senator from California and was the first Republican nominee for president of the U.S. in 1856
Ambrose Burnside	Union General who was responsible for some of the earliest victories in the Eastern theater, but was then promoted above his abilities, and is mainly remembered for two disastrous defeats, at Fredericksburg and the Battle of the Crater (Petersburg).
Winfield Scott	American general during the Mexican-American War who was entrusted with the command of the main expedition into Mexico City.
Anthony Burns	like the case of Joshua Glover, anti-slavery activists try to rescue Burns, the militia had to restore order and ensure a trial – Burns eventually lost and was returned to the South
Lewis Cass	nominated by democrats who didn’t support popular sovereignty but Lewis Cass is the one who came up with the idea of popular sovereignty. Lost to Zachary Taylor in the election of 1848.
Wilmot Proviso:	David Wilmot, a northern democrat who doesn’t want slavery to spread into newly gained land. Basically a total ban on all slavery in the newly gained regions but southern states were mad because they viewed this as a violation of their constitutional right to property.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	Sets up the continental United States- California, New Mexico, Arizona, and land of other states was gained during this treaty after the war instigated by Polk
Thaddeus Stevens	radical republican house of representatives member who was extremely anti-slavery and was an abolitionist
Charles Sumner	Republican speech anti-slavery in Senate, blames specific Southerners for the problem, Andrew Pickens Butler of SC was insulted Southern honor culture: Pickens cousin, Congressman, Preston Brooks, beat Charles Sumner with cane and metal tip, Southerner prevent people to help, Sumner not well enough to return for 4 years Sumner = abolitionist hero, thought Brooks was a barbaric villain while S thought he was a hero Slave Power: S do whatever to get what they want
Writ of Habeas Corpus	preventing the government from unlawfully imprisoning individuals outside of the judicial process.
Thaddeus Stevens	Radical Republican in House, + Charles Sumner → wanted a more aggressive war that would change the nature of society, wanted more than the Confederacy’s defeat; they wanted to “reconstruct” the rebellious region by having Union armies seize Southern plantations and give the land to the former enslaved workers
Vicksburg	Grant put Vicksburg under siege- the town would help them gain control of Mississippi, trapped Confederate, waits them out, victorious on July 4th
Fredericksburg	Union loss, had to go up a hill, going towards Richmond, Condereates perfect defensive position, Union advance gets slaughtered Morale in Union and dissent against war increase Lincoln cracked down on dissent w/ suspending writ of habeas corpus, South also cracked down, becoming government they tried to secede from, Bread Riots in Richmond in 1863 were a result of the troubles of financing the war – the Confederates had to put down the riots by force
Shiloh	After Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Grant pushed farther into Souther into Tennessee- Shiloh victory, Bad first day, but second day victory Major action early in the war, naval victory in New Orleans allows Union to capture important port in South Lincoln had a deep affection and respect for Grant as a result of these early battles

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