EMI revision

Renin: An enzyme produced in the kidneys that assists in regulating blood pressure by converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.

Aldosterone: A hormone responsible for controlling the levels of salt and water in the body, which affects blood pressure and fluid balance.

Angiotensinogen: A protein produced by the liver that serves as a precursor to angiotensin peptides, which play a crucial role in blood pressure regulation and fluid balance.

Alteplase: A thrombolytic agent developed using recombinant DNA technology, used to dissolve blood clots.

Hyperparathyroidism: A condition characterized by excessive production of parathyroid hormone, leading to elevated blood calcium levels.

Hypothyroidism: A condition resulting from insufficient thyroid hormone production, which can lead to various metabolic issues.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism: A form of hyperparathyroidism that occurs as a result of another medical condition, often leading to calcium imbalances.

Blood thinners:

• Enoxaparin/Clexane: A subcutaneous blood thinner classified as low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), used to prevent and treat blood clots.

• Heparin: An anticoagulant that prevents blood clot formation by binding to antithrombin III and inhibiting activated coagulation factors.

• Warfarin: An anticoagulant medication that reduces blood clotting by blocking the enzyme responsible for vitamin K activation, thereby depleting vitamin K reserves and resulting in defective clotting proteins.

• Aspirin: An antiplatelet medication that impedes the production of thromboxane A2, a substance that promotes platelet aggregation and blood clot formation.

Calcitriol: A hormone that treats low calcium levels resulting from kidney disease, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestine.

Opioids: A class of pain-relieving medications that includes morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl, which alter the perception of pain by affecting substance P neurotransmitter levels.

Pharmacological management of anxiety: The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as first-line treatment options for anxiety disorders.

Antihistamines: Over-the-counter medications like Cetirizine, Loratadine, and Fexofenadine, commonly used to relieve allergy symptoms.

Bacterial endocarditis: An infection of the heart valve or endocardium caused primarily by bacteria such as staphylococcus and streptococci, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common type known as golden staph.

Splinter haemorrhages: Small areas of bleeding that appear as vertical lines under the nails, resulting from tiny blood vessel damage during conditions such as endocarditis.

Bacteria:

• Enterococcus: A genus of bacteria commonly found in the intestines, some species can cause infections.

• Streptococcus mutans: A type of bacteria primarily associated with dental caries (tooth decay).

• Porphyromonas gingivalis: A pathogenic bacterium linked to periodontal disease.

Stages of grief (Bradshaw’s model):

• Denial: The initial phase where individuals refuse to accept the reality of loss.

• Anger: The second phase marked by frustration and lashing out against the perceived cause of the loss.

• Bargaining: The phase where individuals may try to negotiate a way out of the distress, often with feelings of helplessness.

• Depression: A stage of deep sadness and withdrawal as the individual starts to come to terms with the reality of the loss.

• Acceptance: The final stage, where individuals come to terms with the reality and learn to live with the loss.