Organic Compounds Notes

Other Organic Compounds

Substituted Hydrocarbons

• A substituted hydrocarbon is an organic compound where a carbon atom is bonded to an atom or group of atoms other than hydrogen.

• Organic compounds function differently when hydrogen atoms are substituted with other atoms.

• Substituted hydrocarbons are derived from hydrocarbons, but are not purely it. As it is an organic compound, this contains functional groups

Functional Groups

• A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that determine the function and properties of the compound.

• The substituted hydrocarbon is renamed to indicate which functional group has been substituted.

• There are many functional groups, each with specific characteristics.

• Some functional groups: Alkane, Alkene, Ketane, ketone, amide, ether, haloalkane, alcohol, phenol, and carboxylic acid, each contributing distinct properties to organic molecules.

Hydroxyl Group

• Contains two atoms: oxygen and hydrogen.

• Formula: -OH

• Organic compounds containing the hydroxyl group are called alcohols.

• Ex: ethanol

Halide Group

• The halide group contains group 17 halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. They can be substitutions in hydrocarbons.

• Composed of primary, secondary and tertiary halides.

• Primary ex: Propyl chloride. Secondary ex: 2 butyl bromide. Tertiary: Tert-butyl bromide.

Carboxyl Group

• Consists of a carbon atom with a single bond to a hydroxyl group and a double bond to an oxygen atom.

• Formula: -COOH

• Carboxyl acids: methanoic, athanoic, butanoic, pentatoic, propanoic

Amino Group

• Consists of a nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

• Formula: -NH2

• The suffix –amine is added to the end of each root name to indicate that an amino group is in the compound.

• Ex: Methylamine

Shapes of Molecules

• Molecules come in different shapes and sizes.

• Knowing the molecule’s shape helps scientists understand:

  • How it interacts with other molecules

  • How strong the bonds are between atoms

  • What type of bonds are in the molecule

Tetrahedral

• Methane is an example of a tetrahedral molecule.

• The atoms in a tetrahedral molecule form a pyramid.

Planar

• Ethene is an example of a planar molecule.

• The atoms in a planar molecule are all on the same plane.

Linear

• Ethyne is an example of a linear molecule.

• The atoms in a linear molecule form a straight line.

Polymers

• A polymer is a molecule made up of monomers covalently bonded together, forming a long chain.

• A monomer is one of the small organic molecules that makes up the long chain of a polymer.

Polymerization

• Polymerization is the chemical process in which monomer bond together to form a chain.