Respiratory pt 3

Warm-Up and Ventilation

• Importance of warming up before exercise:

  • Should last at least 5 minutes to prepare the body for physical activity.

• Abrupt ventilation increase requires preparation:

  • Warming up helps transition the body from rest to activity smoothly.

Definition of Ventilation

• Ventilation:

  • The process of exchanging air with the external environment.

• Increased movement correlates with increased ventilation:

  • Movements, especially of the upper limbs, contribute significantly to the ventilation process.

Training and Aerobic Conditioning

• Training affects the body’s response to exercise:

  • Regular conditioning allows the body to adapt to increased physical demands (e.g., running a 5k).

• Understanding the body's adaptation:

  • Initially, ventilation rises sharply with activity; further increases occur gradually for peak efficiency.

• Anaerobic threshold:

  • The maximum exercise level before significant changes in blood pH occur.

  • Important for maintaining performance during exercise.

Blood pH and Exercise

• Blood pH and lactic acid relationship:

  • Oxygen use in tissues generates carbon dioxide (CO2), converting to lactic acid, causing a burning sensation typically experienced after 15 minutes of exercise.

• Adaptation through training reduces quick onset of lactic acid burn.

Factors Affecting Ventilation

• Various stimuli affect ventilation:

  • Surprising touches or temperature changes can lead to abrupt breathing alterations.

  • Pain can inhibit normal breathing patterns.

  • Heat increases energy expenditure, which boosts ventilation to eliminate CO2.

Pneumothorax Explained

• Definition:

  • Condition where air enters the thoracic cavity due to a puncture in the thoracic wall, causing lung collapse.

• Treatment:

  • Utilizing a tube from a pen or straw to restore pressure balance in the pleural cavity.

  • Allows lung reinflation once pleural space is cleared of air.

Respiratory Mechanics during Exercise

• Muscles involved in breathing:

  • Primary: Diaphragm, external intercostals.

  • Secondary: Serratus anterior, scalene, sternocleidomastoid; mainly active during forced respiration.

• Expiratory muscles:

  • Internal intercostals contract to further help expel air from the lungs after normal exhalation.

Spirometry and Lung Volumes

• Definition of spirometry:

  • A technique used to measure the volume of air in and out of the respiratory system.

• Lung Volumes:

  • Tidal Volume (TV): Amount of air exchanged per breath, average 500 mL for adults.

  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath, up to 3,000 mL for healthy individuals.

  • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Volume that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal breath, about 1,100 mL.

  • Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in lungs post-exhalation, always above 1,000 mL unless pneumothorax occurs.

Lung Capacities and Calculations

• Vital Capacity (VC):

  • Total air volume that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation: TV + IRV + ERV.

• Total Lung Capacity (TLC):

  • Total lung capacity comprising VC and RV.

• Application:

  • Mathematical formulas related to lung volumes essential for tests, practice calculations encouraged.

Gas Exchange in the Respiratory System

• Oxygen uptake and delivery:

  • Oxygen moves from alveoli to blood; hemoglobin saturation occurs in pulmonary capillaries.

  • Oxygen released in tissues as CO2 is picked up in exchange.

• Carbon Dioxide Dynamics:

  • 70% CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions; 23% bound to hemoglobin; 7% dissolved in plasma.

• Temperature effects:

  • Increased temperature causes hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily, enhancing delivery during exercise.

Final Notes

• Keep in mind the integral relationship between exercise, ventilation, gas exchange, and muscle action.

• Review lung volumes and be prepared for associated calculations on the upcoming quiz.