US History One

Chapter One

Incas

These native people created a powerful empire in Peru, numbering perhaps six million. Paved roads and organized government tied the empire together.

Mayas

The inhabitants of Central America and southern Mexico possessed a written language, a numerical system, a calendar, and an advanced agriculture

Aztecs

They took control of the Mayan territory in the late 1200’s and built a civilization that was equal to the best Europe had at that time. Aztec religion required human sacrifice.

Algonquins

This group of native tribes lived along the Atlantic Coast and had similar languages.

Iroquois

This group of at least five different tribes was centered in upper New York and was fairly well organized into a confederacy.

Black Death

A catastrophic epidemic of the bubonic plague that began in 1347. Killing more than a third of the people of the continent and debilitating its limited economy.

Rise of Commerce

In Europe, the population grew rapidly, prosperity increased, and the rich looked for ways of becoming richer through a broadening trade.

Nationalism

In Western Europe, strong, independent nations developed with ambitious rulers who sought to increase the power and wealth of their realms

Prince Henry

Song of King John of Portugal. Known as “The Navigator.” His nautical studies and promotion of exploration inspired others who made the actual explorations and discoveries

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese. Sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1486.

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese. Sailed around Africa to India. 1497-1498.

Pedro Cabral

Portuguese. Got a little off course on his way to India and found Brazil instead.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian sailing under the sponsorship of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain - 1492. An attempt to find China, but discovered a new world instead.

Vasco de Balboa

Spanish. Crossed the Isthmus of Panama and became the first European to view the Pacific Ocean from the East - 1513.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese (sailed for Spain). Headed the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe. Was killed en route to the Philippines 1519-1522.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish. Conquered the Aztecs and took control of Mexico, 1521. Soldiers set off a devastating smallpox epidemic and only then were able to conquer them militarily.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish. Conquered the Incas and took control of Peru. 1532-1538.

Francisco Coronado

Traveled north from Mexico in search for gold and jewels. Helped open the southwestern past of U.S. to Spanish settlement

St. Augustine

First permanent European settlement in the U.S. (Spanish, 1565)

Results of Spanish Conquest

Diseased brought by the Spanish decimated native populations. Spanish brutality also contributed to this decimation. Spanish introduced new crops and livestock to America. They also brought horses which transformed many native cultures. The Spanish gained new agricultural techniques and crops. The natives acquired some European culture (language, religion). Intermarriage between Europeans and natives occurred frequently. The slaver system in America had its beginnings here.

John Cabot

Italian sailing for England. Explored the northeast coast of North America attempting to find a Northwest Passage to the Orient, 1497

Enclosure Movement

Worldwide demand for wool was growing rapidly, and many English landowners decided to convert their fields from crops to sheep pastures.

Mercantilism

It was believed that a nation’s total wealth was the most important goal of all, and could only be increased by acquiring as much wealth from foreign lands as possible. This has to do with a positive balance of trade. The goal was to have more exports and fewer imports.

Richard Hakluyt

This English clergyman and writer strongly promoted colonization as the solution for England’s economic needs

2. Help to battle poverty and unemployment by giving a surplus of the population a place to go.

3. Since there was more work from those who had gone, there was more work for those who chose to stay.

European Reformation

Martin Luther and John Calvin were the major guiding forces of the religious movement that would lead multitudes away from Catholicism

English Reformation

The pope refused to grant Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. He pulled England out of the Catholic orbit and established the Anglican church.

Puritans

These were English Protestants who called for reforms in the Church of England, desiring to purify it. When their demands were not met, many went to America.

Separatists

These were radical Puritans who desired to worship as they saw fit in their own independent churches, in England this was illegal

James I

Came to the English throne in 1603 upon death of Elizabeth I. Ruled by “divine right.” Favored Catholics and antagonized Puritans. Must be given partial credit for the KJV.

Plantations

The experience of the English in the “barbaric” land of Ireland led to them to the belief that the best method of colonization was not to intermingle with the native peoples, but rather to establish separate English societies in the colonies

Quebec

The first permanent French colony in America was established in 1608. Founded by Champlain. The French came mostly to trade and not to populate.

Henry Hudson

An Englishman sailing for Holland. He sailed up the Hudson River and established the claims of the Dutch in America. 1609 claimed New Amsterdam and later became New York City.

Spanish Armada - 1588

The Spanish under Philip II assembled a mighty fleet to subjugate England economically and spiritually.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

A pioneer of English colonization in America. Failed in two attempts to establish a permanent settlement and was lost at sea in a storm.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Half0brother of Gilbert. Made several attempts at starting a colony in America.

“Lost Colony”

Raleigh tried again in 1587 to establish a colony on Roanoke Island off North Carolina. John White, commander, left for England to get more colonists and supplies, and was not able to return until 1590.

Virginia Dare

The granddaughter of John White. The first English child born in America. She disappeared with the Roanoke colonists.

New Colonial Charters

In 1606, King James granted a charter of two groups of merchants to colonize and explore America. Plymouth group got the rights to the northern section, while the London group was given the South.

Chapter Two

Character of the First English Settlements

They were business ventures under pressure to be profitable. They tried to preserve their English culture and society. Nothing worked according to their plan.

Jamestown - 1607

The first permanent English colony in America hung on through many devastating hardships.

Captain John Smith

Famous world traveler imposed work and order on the community. Led the colony in 1608-1609. Everything rises or falls on leadership.

Lord De La Warr

Jamestown’s first governor. Imposed harsh and rigid discipline on colony.

Communal Period

De La Warr and his successors organized Jamestown settler into work gangs. Many took advantage of this situation.

John Rolfe

This Jamestown planter was the first colonist to discover the feasibility of tobacco as cash crop in 1612.

“Headright System”

A “headright” was a fifty-acre grant of land which a colonist could acquire in a number of ways.

House of Burgesses

The first meeting of an elected assembly in America met in Jamestown

Maryland

Founded by Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore) in 1634 as a real estate venture and a refuge for English Catholics. First settlement was St. Mary’s Eventually adopted the headright system.

Sir William Berkley

With exception of the 1650’s, when Cromwell ruled in England, he was the royal governor of VA from 1642 until the 1670’s

Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676

Nathaniel Bacon was a wealthy landowner in the western part of VA. Built an army against Berkley’s wishes and burnt the city down.

Scrooby

A congregation of Separatists from this town in England began to leave for Holland in 1608 to seek religious freedom. Obtained permission to cross the Atlantic and settle in the Virginia colony

Plymouth - 1620

Just north of Cape Cod. This was the site of the landing of the Pilgrims, the Separatists from Scrooby.

Queen Mary 2: 1,132 feet long

Mayflower: 110 feet long

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower was the ship upon which the Pilgrims sailed to America. Before landing, they drew up and signed a formal agreement to establish and obey their civil government.

Thanksgiving

The Pilgrims’ first winter in America was a difficult one, marked by the death’s of half of their number. After the harvest of 1621, the Pilgrims held a feast of gratitude to God for His goodness.

William Bradford

Longtime governor and author of Plymouth Plantation. He was a good and wise leader who ended the communal labor plan and “made all hands, very industrious.”

Massachusetts Bay

Established by the Puritans in 1630 with one thousand original settlers. Boston was the capital of the colony, and Winthrop was the prominent governor. The capital was Boston

Thomas Hooker

He was a minister and religious dissenter from Massachusetts who led his congregation southward and founded the town of Hartford, the original settlement of CT in 1635.

“If you go a place of ministry and you don’t want to stay there, just leave.”

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

The constitution of the colony.

Roger Williams

He and his followers fled Massachusetts and founded the town of Providence and the colony of Rhode Island. People of all faiths were permitted to worship freely there.

Anne Hutchinson

She became a powerful religious leader in Boston because of her insistence upon the doctrine of the priesthood of the believer. She was convicted of sedition in 1638 and banished from the colony.

New Hampshire and Maine

Established in 1629 by the English proprietors Mason and Gorgas. Haven for religious dissenters from Massachusetts. New Hampshire won independence in 1679 after a long legal battle, but Maine was held until 1820.

King Philip’s War

This was a bloody struggle form 1675-1678 between the Massachusetts colonists and the Wampanoag tribe up whose lands they were intruding.

English Civil War

There was a thirty-year time frame after the establishment of Maryland during which no new colonies were started. The English government was experiencing severe domestic turmoil.

Charles I

Son of James I. Dismissed Parliament in 1629 and ruled on his own. Desperate for money, he called them back in 1640 but dissolved them again when they made certain demands.

Oliver Cromwell

He was the Roundhead leader who became the “protector” of England after Charles I was killed.

Charles II

This man awarded faithful courtiers with grants of land in the New World.

Carolina

This colony was established in part from the original Virginia Grant and was awarded to a group of eight court favorites by Charles II. Had two very distinct regions that never really united.

Anthony Ashley Cooper

Resisting the urge to give up founding Carolina. Soon to be the earl of Shaftesbury, convinced his partners to finance more migrations from England.

New York

A highly factious society, this colony contained approximately 30,000 people when James II ascended to the throne, its largest settlement lying at the mouth of the Hudson River.

New Jersey

Its founder Carteret named the territory after the island in the English Channel on which he was born, became a royal colony.

William Penn

The son of Admiral in the Royal Navy. This prominent Quaker inherited a valuable land grant from the king and founded a colony. Later imprisoned a debtor.

Delaware

Colony that broke off from. Pennsylvania because of resistance to its proprietor’s nearly absolute power.

Chesapeake

This was the site of the first permanent English settlement in the New World.

Sugar Cane

The main crop of the West Indies was so important that planters cut down forests, destroyed natural habitats, and reduced the amount of land available for growing food. Used for making rum.

James Oglethorpe

This member of Parliament and military hero was one of the founders of Georgia.

Mercantilism

This theory’s goal is increasing the wealth of a nation through export, but England realized that any wealth flowing to another nation from America could come only at the expense of England itself.

Navigation Acts

These laws were imposed upon America after the restoration to regulate colonial commerce even more strictly.

Dominion of New England

Enforcement of the Navigation Acts required the stationing of customs officials in America and the establishment of an agency to oversee colonial affairs.

Glorious Revolution

When James II exercised autocratic control over Parliament, and his daughter and son-in-law overthrew him and began to reign as joint sovereigns.

Chapter Three

Indentured Servant

In exchange for passage to America, food, and shelter and individual would bind himself to a master for a certain length of time.

Humoralism

The body is governed by four fluids that should be balanced: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm.

Dowry

The father of an eligible young lady would offer other incentives such as furniture or money in hopes of attracting a desirable husband for her.

Coffle

American leaders captured enemies and sold them in long lines called coffles.

Pennsylvania Dutch

These were German Protestants from the Rhineland who made their way to America through England. First settled in NY but met hostility, most moved south with the Quakers.

Scotch-Irish

These were Scotch Presbyterians who had settled in northern Ireland but had found themselves unpopular with both the local Catholics and the neighboring Anglicans.

Tobacco

The main crop of the Chesapeake region.

Rice

The main crop of South Carolina and Georgia.

Indigo

A plant imported from West Indies which is used to produce a popular blue dye. Grown in South Carolina on the higher ground that unsuitable for rice.

Home Industries

Commercial farming was not possible in many areas of northern colonies. Families usually produce only enough to take care of themselves and spend the rest of their time in such pursuits as spinning, weaving, and candle making, etc.

Peter Hasenclever

He ran the largest industrial enterprise in the colonies, a large ironworks plant in the northern New Jersey. Founded in 1764 and had several hundred laborers.

Extractive Industries

Industries such as fur trading, lumbering, and fishing utilized the natural resources of the colonies.

Specie

These were coins of gold or silver (hard money) of which the colonies had little, and had to rely on barter or paper money.

Triangular Trade

An overly simplistic description of overseas trade conducted during the colonial period between American colonies, West Indies, and Africa.

Souther Plantations

The wealthy planters became the most powerful men in their regions. Their estates became self-sufficient communities, and most manual labor was performed by the slaves.

Puritan Communities

In New England the characteristics social unit was the town. These towns at first consisted of people who had traveled to America together or came together after arrival.

Witchcraft Trials

Social tensions grew in the New England towns, with the most famous manifestation occurring in Salem, Massachusetts, in the 1680’s and the 1690’s. Several West Indian servants there were accused of witchcraft, and from there the accusations spread to include hundreds of others.

Cities - 1770’s

The largest were Philadelphia’s with 28,00; NYC, 25,999; and Boston, 16,000. Cities were the centers of industry, education, and culture.

Enlightenment

This was the eighteenth century movement which swept both Europe and America and came directly into conflict with the traditional religious view’s of the day.

Jeremaids

Long sermons of despair often preached by fiery preachers on Sunday.

Chapter Four

Albany Plan

Proposed in 1754 by Benjamin Franklin as a defensive measure against hostile Indians. Rejected by every colonial assembly.

Marquette and Joliet

These French explorers canoed down the Mississippi River during the 1670’s/

La Salle

In 1682, he reached the Mississippi delta and claimed the surrounding country for France. Named is Louisiana after his king, Louis XIV.

King William’s War

In 1689-1697, a war between the English and French spilled over slightly into North America.

Queen Anne’s War

In 1701-1713, another Anglo-French war brought fighting with the French and Indians in the north and the Spanish in the south.

Treaty of Utrecht

This ended Queen Anne’s War and forced France to give up some of its North American territory to the British.

King George’s War

A general European war had more repercussion in America as the colonists were brought into conflict with the French (1744-1748)

Fort Necessity

The French began to build forts in the Ohio Valley in 1740. Built by Washington. Began the French and Indian War.

French and Indian War 1754-1763

This began with the French victory at Fort Necessity and concluded with the French giving up all of their North American territory.

French and Indian War 1754-1755

French forced the surrender of Fort Necessity. French and Indian forced ambushed and routed an army commanded by General Braddock.

French and Indian War 1756-1758

Britain and France formally declared war and the fighting spread to the West Indies, Europe, and India.

• British Secretary of State William Pitt began to personally direct the war policy.

• Pitt drafted colonists into the army and took their property to supply British Soldiers.

• This caused serious conflict between the colonists and the British.

French and Indian War 1759-1763

Pitt relaxed his unpopular policies and sent more British troops.

• The British began to win military victories.

• The fortresses at Quebec and Montreal fell, and the actual fighting soon came to an end.

Peace of Paris

The French gave up Canada and all the land east of the Mississippi to the British, and all the land west of the Mississippi to the Spanish.

Effects of War on the British

Their territory in in the New World expanded greatly. The war cost an immense amount money. They came to resent the colonist.

Effects of War on the Colonists

They had learned to work together to some extent. They came to believe Britain should stay out of local affairs. The came to believe military service should be voluntary.

George III

King of England from 1760-1820. Tried to enforce the authority of the crown on the colonists at the time when they were the least likely to accept it. King of England from 1760-1820.

George Grenville

Became the prime minister in 1763 and was determined to make the colonists subservient to the crown through a series of very unpopular restrictions.

Proclamation of 1763

Forbade the colonists to cross over a line drawn along the mountain divide at the western frontier. Placated the Indians and kept the colonists contained1 where the British could control them.

Mutiny Act 1765

The colonists had to help supply and maintain the army. The customs system was tightened up, and the colonial manufacturing was restricted. Also known as the Quartering Act.

Sugar Acts 1764

The duty on sugar was raised so as to restrict the colonies illegal trade with the West Indies. Accused smugglers would be tried before British officials.

Currency Act 1764

The colonies were forced to stop printing paper money and get rid of what they already had.

Stamp Act 1765

They required a tax on every printed documents in the colonies, and was regarded as virtual extortion. Colonists felt that this must not be allowed to pass unchallenged.

Patrick Henry

A Virginia orator famed for his anti-British rhetoric. “Give me liberty, or give me death.”

Stamp Act Congress

Delegates from nine colonies met in New York and decided to seek relief from taxation without representation by petitioning the kind and Parliament.

Sons of Liberty

The radical groups, based in Boston and led by John Hancock and Samuel Adams, terrorized the king’s colonial agents and intimidated colonists who would cooperate with the Briths.

Declaratory Act

Due to the economic pressure of the colonial boycott, the British repealed the Stamp Acts in 1766, but at the same time passed another resolution declaring Parliament’s complete authority over the colonies.

Townshend Duties

Charles Townshend, chancellor of the exchequer, imposed new taxes on certain British goods imported by the colonies.

Circular Letter

Massachusetts sought to enlist the support of other colonies in opposing the British taxes. Unsuccessful until the British threatened to dissolve the assemblies of the colonies that support Massachusetts.

Nonimportation Agreement

The colonies banded together to boycott those goods upon which Britain had placed a tax, and the new prime minister Lord North withdrew all of the Townshend Duties except the tax on tea.

Boston Massacre 1770

A mob resentful of British military presence in their city became dangerous, and the sodiers under attack fired into the crowd. Five colonists were killed.

Samuel Adams

The colonies’ most vocal and effective radical.

John Locke

English author and political theorist of the late 1600’s. Advanced the “compact” theory of government which viewed government as having being created by the people to protect them.

Gaspee Incident

Angry Rhode Islanders seized a British ship, burned it, and sank it. The British required the accused attackers to be sent to England for trial. This was regarded as another intrusion on American rights and authority.

Boston Tea Party 1773

150 men disguised as Indians boarded the ships and three the tea into the harbor. This crude behavior rather offended the British.

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

Port of Boston was closed. Massachusetts self-government was severely restricted. Royal officers accused of crimes would be tried elsewhere. Colonists would be forced to quarter British officers.

Committees of Correspondence

Begun by Samuel Adams in 1772 and later made inter-colonial by Virginia. Served to keep the colonists informed of British action and made it possible for them to unite in action.

First Continental Congress 1774

Representatives from twelve colonies met in Philadelphia and passed five resolutions.

Minute Men

The men of Massachusetts gathered arms and ammunition and prepared themselves to fight on a minute’s notice.

Thomas Gage

British commander at Boston. Received and attempted to carry out orders to seize Samuel Adams and John Hancock at Lexington.

William Dawes and Paul Revere

Along with Samuel Prescott, went from Boston to warn the farms and villages of the approach of the British. Revere was captured, only Prescott got through to Concord.

Paul’ Revere’s Ride Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Listen, my children, and you shall hear

Of the midnight ride of Paul Revery,

On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five’

Hardly a man is now alive

Who remembers that famous day and year….

Lexington - April 19, 1775

The British were met with a line of minutemen in Lexington. The “Shot heard ‘around the world” had been fired and the Revolutionary War began.

Concord

The secondary British target had been the gunpowder arsenal at Concord. When they arrived most of the gunpowder had been burned. The colonists used the British as targets as they retreated to Boston.

Chapter Five

Olive Branch Petition

Weeks after Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress tried one more time to achieve reconciliation with the king.

Prohibitory Act

The British government rejected the Olive Branch Petition and issued the Prohibitory Act, closing the colonies to all overseas trade and establishing a naval blockade.

“Common Sense”

This was a pamphlet by Thomas Paine published in January 1776. Greatly influential in leading the American people to see that reconciliation with Britain was impossible.

Declaration of Independence

Authored by Thomas Jefferson. Approved by Congress on July 4,1776.

Loyalists

Also known as Tories. These were colonists who remained loyal to the king.

George Washington

Chosen as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and took command in June 1775. Proceeded to be the “indispensable man”

Reasons the British resented the colonists:

They had not helped with the fighting. They had not helped financially. They, in some cases, had sold goods to the French.

British Advantages

Superior military forces. Greater resources. Stability of government and command structure.

American Advantages

“Home-field advantage.” Commitment to the cause. Help from other countries.

Bunker Hill - June 17, 1775

First major battle of the war. British had more than 1,000 casualties and 226 dead. Americans had 454 casualties and 140 dead.

Halifax - March 1776

The British evacuated Boston and sailed to Nova Scotia to regroup.

Benedict Arnold

American general led an unsuccessful assault on Quebec and helped stop a British advance from Canada. HIs name is synonymous with the word “traitor” because of his collaboration with the British agents.

William Howe

Commanded the British armies from 1776-1778. Various blunders and personal weaknesses enabled the Patriots to carry on the war.

Philadelphia

Howe decided to take Philadelphia, which he did with little trouble. Continental Congress moved to York, Pennsylvania and the war continued.

Valley Forge - October 1777

Near British-occupied Philadelphia, the continental Army went into winter quarter. A harsh and discouraging time.

John Burgoyne

Commanded the British army that moved south from Canada in 1777. His two-pronged attack met disaster at Oriskany, New York, and Bennington Vermont.

Saratoga - October 17, 1777

Burgoyne was driven to Saratoga, New York and forced to surrender his 5,00 men to General Horatio Gates. Major turning point of the war.

Henry Clinton

Replaced Howe in 1778 and took the main British army back to New York, where they did very little for over a year.

George Rogers Clark

Led a daring expedition westward and took the British-Indian settlements at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes.

Savannah - December 1778

The final phase of the war opened with the British capture of this Georgia port. Most Loyalists feared the Patriots more than they loved the king.

Francis Marion

The legendary “Swamp Fox” led Patriot guerrilla force against the British in the south.

Camden, South Carolina

Cornwallis defeated Gates in August 1780. Gates was replaced by Nathaniel Greene.

King’s Mountain, South Carolina

The Patriots took an entire 1100-man force out of action on October 1780.

Cowpens, South Carolina

West of King’s Mountain, the Patriots inflicted another defeat upon Cornwallis in January 1781.

Guilford Court House, North Carolina

Cornwallis finally was able to meet Green’s entire force. British won the battle. Cornwallis moved to the port of Wilmington, North Carolina.

Yorktown

Clinton ordered Cornwallis to establish a position on the Virginia peninsula and await further developments. Washington surrounded Cornwallis and forced him to surrender on October 19,1781.

Treaty of Paris - 1783

Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams negotiated the final settlement to end the Revolutionary War and Formalize American independence.

Molly Pitcher

Some patriots’ wives followed the army to lend what assistance they could. One such lady distinguished herself by carrying water to the soldiers during battle and then taking her husband’s place by the cannon.

Privateers

The American navy did not play a significant role in the war. More effective were the privately-owned fast and maneuverable ships that preyed on British shipping.

Homespun

American-made cloth replaced British imports that the war had cut off. Economic independence was as vital as political independence.

“Republican” Government

The American agreed that these governments would derive their power form the people rather than from a supreme authority.

Statue of Religious Freedom

Thomas Jefferson wrote this important document in 1786. Virginia made official the separation of church and state.

Articles of Confederation

Adopted by Congress in 1777. Ratified by the states in 1781. Congress could do no more than request troops and taxes from states.

Ordinance of 1784

Jefferson proposed that the western territory be divided in to ten self-governing districts of which would be eligible to apply for statehood when its population reached that of the smallest existing state.

Ordinance of 1785

This was a system for surveying and selling the western lands. The entire territory would be divided into townships of six miles square. The 640-acres sections were to be sold at auctions for not less than one dollar per acre.

Northwest Ordinance - 1787

This established the western land as a single Northwest Territory. It specified the process by which a territory might become a state and established 60,000 as the min. population.

Miami Tribe

During the early 1790’s, they fought the white fiercely around the Ohio-Indiana border. Led by Little Turtle. Signed the Treaty of Greenville and ceded much of their land to the U.S.

Shay’s Rebellion

Led by Daniel Shay. Desperate farmers rallied behind Shay to form a semi-military unit. Prevented officials from collecting debts in the region. Militiamen broke up Shay’s army in 1787.

Chapter Six

Annapolis Convention

James Madison called for delegates from all states to attend a conference on commercial matters. Only five states sent representatives to Annapolis.

Philadelphia Convention - 1787

Fifty-five men representing twelve states met for the purpose of strengthening the federal government. Unanimously chose Washington to preside over the convention.

Virginia Plan

Conceived by James Madison and presented by Edmund Randolph. This was a proposal to do away with the Articles completely and set up a new government.

New Jersey Plan

Submitted by William Paterson. Proposed to keep the confederation for of government in which each state would have equal representation.

Great Compromise

The final agreement included the basis premise of both the Virginia and New Jersey Plans. The federal legislature would consist of two houses.

Three-Fifths Compromise

• Southern States:

  • Wanted slaves counted as population to determine representation in the House of Reps.

  • Opposed counting slaves for the purpose of determining taxation

• Northern States:

  • Opposed counting slaves as population to determine representation in the House of Reps.

  • Favored counting slaves for the purpose of determining taxation

• The 3/5ths COMPROMISE:

  • 3/5ths of slaves counted as population in determining representation in the House of Representatives

  • 3/5ths of slaves would be counted for the purpose of determining taxation

North - wanted slaves to count as property and not people

South - argued that slaves were people and entitled their states to appropriate representation

The Question of Sovereignty

The final resolution was that the power of the state and federal government was derived from the people, and they held the ultimate sovereignty

The Question of Limiting Power

The power was divided between the states and the federal government. Within the federal government the power was divided between the three branches.

Federalists

Led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and supported by Benjamin Franklin and George Washington. This was the group that favored the new Constitution.

“The Federalist Papers”

Authored by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. These were essays in support of the Constitution that were published in the major newspaper of the day.

Antifederalists

They opposed the Constitution for various reasons, but their cause suffered from lack of unity, organization, and leadership. Their most important objection, that the Constitution lacked bill of rights, was eventually satisfied.

Ratification

Nine of the thirteen state conventions would have to approve the Constitution. Delaware was the first state to be ratified on December 7, 1787. New Hampshire was the ninth to be ratified June 1788.

The First President

George Washington was unanimously elected and was inaugurate in New York City on April 30, 1789. John Adams was chosen as the first Vice-President.

Bill of Rights

To pacify antifederalists, ten amendments were added to the Constitution and ratified at the end of 1791. These guaranteed some of the basic rights of the people.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Congress set up a six-member Supreme Court and a system of lower circuit courts. John Jay was the first Chief Justice

Executive Departments

Secretary of treasury - Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of war - Henry Knox

Attorney General - Edmund Randolph

Secretary of State - Thomas Jefferson

Federalists

During the 1790’s, this group favored a strong national government that would make the United States a world power. Hamilton was their leader and spokesman.

Republicans

During the 1790’s, this group favored a more modest central government and an agrarian economic structure. Madison and Jefferson were their leaders.

Whiskey Rebellion

in 1794, farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay the excise tax on their distilleries and terrorized the tax collectors. Washington raised 15,000 troops from three states and personally led them to the trouble state. The farmers gave in.

New States

Vermont (1791)

Kentucky (1792)

Tennessee (1796)

Joined the Union

Neutrality Act

In 1793, President Washington recognized the new French government but declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in France’s war against England.

“Citizen” Genet

Genet was the first French representative to the U.S. After arriving, he immediately enlisted support for the French war effort. Washington granted him political asylum in exchange for his retirement.

Jay’s Treaty

Washington assigned Chief Justice John Jay to negotiate a treaty. He succeeded in preserving Britain as an ally and a valuable trading partner.

Pickney’s Treaty

The Spanish agreed to gran the Americans full use of the Mississippi River and New Orleans, to establish the northern border of Florida, and to control the Indians there.

John Adams

Upon retirement of George Washington, John Adams won the Federalist nomination for President in 1796. Great statesman, but a poor politician. He served a frustrating single term as President.

XYZ Affair

President Adams substituted the letters X, Y, and Z for the names of the French agents who refused to negotiate with the American ambassadors. After. a two-year undeclared sea war, France was willing to make peace.

Alien Act

The Alien Act made it harder for foreigners to become citizens (and presumably Republican voters)

Sedition Acts

The Federalists passed laws that outlawed “libelous or treasonous” criticism of the government and the Republicans of course viewed this as threatening.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written by Jefferson and Madison. Asserted the right of the states to “nullify” acts of the central government that they regarded as unconstitutional.

Election of 1800

Jefferson and his Vice-Presidential candidate Aaron Burr received the same number of votes. The House of Representatives resolved the tie. Gave Jefferson the presidency.

Judiciary act of 1801

The Federalists used their “lame duck” period effectively, creating a new judicial system, which was promptly filled with Federalist appointees. The new appointees were called “midnight judges”

Chapter Seven

Academics

There were private institutions, especially in New England, but their costs was far beyond the reach of the average parents. These academics were generally for boys of aristocratic families who expected them one day to take their place among the nation’s leaders.

Benjamin Rush

He led in creating the first American medical school at the University of Pennsylvania.

Noah Webster

Author of the “American Spelling Book” and “An American Dictionary of the English Language” (1828) Established a national standard for spelling and grammar separate from that of Britain.

Washington Irving

New York author of The Sketch Book. Contained such famous tales as “Rip Van Winkle” and “the Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

Mason Weems

Author of Life of Washington. Used to greatly influence the character of many young men even though a lot of Weems’ accounts were not exactly accurate.

Deism

This was a belief, stemming from the French Enlightenment, that God was indeed the Creator but had not direct involvement with the human race. Man was therefore not responsible to Him.

The Age of Reason

In which Thomas Paine articulated his infidelity. Criticizes the inerrancy of the Bible.

Second Great Awakening

Beginning in 1801, this was a great revival brought through the concerns of God’s power over the forces of Deism, Universalism, and Unitarianism. The movement spread through camp meetings and circuit-riding preachers.

Samuel Slater

A former English textile apprentice. Brought his knowledge to America and designed the country’s first successful cotton-spinning mill. American’s first modern factory.

Oliver Evans

Designer of an automated flour mill. Author of America’s first textbook of mechanical engineering, and developer of a more efficient steam engine.

Eli Whitney

Best known as the inventor of the cotton gin (1793). Applied the principles of interchangeable parts of mass production to the manufacturing of …

Steamboat

Perfected by Robert Fulton with his “Clermont” (1807) and demonstrated with a 150-mile voyage up the Hudson.

Big Cities of America 1800

Philadelphia - 70,000

New York - 60,000

Baltimore - 26,000

Boston - 24,000

Charleston - 20,000

Thomas Jefferson

Born into Virginian aristocracy. Cultivated an attitude and image of identification with the common man. Wide range of skills and interests entitled him to be remembered as “America’s Renaissance Man”

Patronage

The very political notion that federal jobs should be granted to those who support the policies of the current administration.

Albert Gallatin

Jefferson’s Secretary of the Treasury. Through stringent economy succeeded in reducing the national debt from $83 million to $45 million.

Barbary Pirates

The Barbary states of North Africa - Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli - extorted money from all who wished to sail the Mediterranean in safety. Jefferson decided to stop paying the tribute and to fight instead.

Marbury vs. Madison

This 1803 Supreme Court decision set the precedent for the authority of the Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional and therefore void.

John Marshall

John Adams appointed him Chief Justice in one of his final presidential acts (1801). Marshall would remain at that post until his death in 1835. A staunch Federalist who constantly sought to strengthen the federal government.

Treaty of San Ildefonso

Napoleon of France secretly required the Spanish territory west of Mississippi in 1800. With a view toward reestablishing a French empire in the New World

Toussain L’Ouverture

Black leader of a bloody slave insurrection against the French on the island of Santo Domingo.Failed in his immediate object but did succeed in giving Napoleon some second thoughts about that reborn French new World empire.

Louisiana Purchase

Livingston and Monroe signed the treaty for the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803. Price was $ 15 million.

Lewis  and Clark

They led the expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory. Making a round trip from St. Louis to the mouth of the columbia River (1804-1806).

Zebulon Pike

In 1806, he explored the southwestern portion of the Louisiana Territory, discovering, but failing to climb Pike’s Peak.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson’s Vice-President. Hamilton accused him of a treason. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed him. Political career ruined by wrong decisions made while in office.

Trafalger Square

Admiral Lord Nelson

Continental System

The British had defeated Napoleon’s navy at Trafalgar in 1805. Issued decrees that forbade any British or neutral ship that had stopped at a British port from landing at any European port controlled by France.

Orders in Council

In reply, the British chose to require precisely what Napoleon had forbidden. Americans were caught in the middle, unable to trade with either without risking capture by the other.

Impressment

The essential brutality of British naval service prompted many sailors to desert. Many found their way to the American navy. British assumed the right to stop our ships an search for their deserters.

Chesapeake Incident 1807

In 1807, the British ship Leopard stopped the American naval frigate Chesapeake off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia. Americans refused to allow search, but was soon persuaded by British firepower.

Embargo Act

Feeling that Britain and France needed our trade, Jefferson drafted a law that prohibited any American ships form sailing to any foreign ports.

Non-Intercourse Act

The embargo was monstrously unpopular in America, so the Republicans reopened trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain and France.

Macon’s Bill No.2

The bill reopened trade with Britain and France but reserved the right to cut off trade with either one if it failed to drop its restrictions on American shipping.

William Henry Harrison

Jefferson appointed him governor of the Indiana Territory and directed him to either assimilate the Indians into the white society or failing, that, to drive them west of the Mississippi.

Tecumseh

This Shawnee chief trie to unite all of the Mississippi Valley tribes against the whites.

The Prophet

Tecumseh’s brother, claiming supernatural powers, brought a spiritual unity to the he hoped would lead to a decisive military unity.

Battle of Tippecanoe

While Tecumseh was away trying to unite the tribes of southern Mississippi, Harrison brought 1,000 soldiers to Prophetstown and provoked a battle. Town was burned, and the Indians were driven off.

War Hawks

The congressional elections of 1810 had brought to Washington many new young representatives who were eager to war with Britain. The most prominent of these were Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun.

War of 1812

The War Haw succeeded in pressuring President Madison into declaring war on Britain on June 14,1812.

Detroit

The key to American strategy was an invasion of Canada. Governor Hull of the Michigan territory led his forces into Canada from Detroit, but he repulsed and soon was forced to surrender his fort at Detroit.

York

American forces attacked the Canadian capital and ran into a land mine which killed more than fifty soldier. In retaliation, Americans burned many of the public buildings.

Lake Erie

Directed by Oliver Hazard Perry American naval forces built ships at Erie, Pennsylvania. Ships proceeded to sweep the British off the lake. “We have met the enemy and they are ours” - Perry

Thames

With Lake Erie secured, Harrison was able to invade Upper Canada and defeated the British at the Battle of the Thames. The most important result was the death of Tecumseh.

Horseshoe Bend

In response to the Indians massacre at Fort Mims, General Andrew Jackson massacred the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend. The tribe surrendered, most of its land and moved west.

Washington

The defeat of Napoleon freed up British land forced to come to America. A British fleet sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and landed na army that marched on Washington.

Baltimore

The staunch Fort McHenry forced the British to with draw form Washington. Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner after watching unsuccessful bombardment from the deck of a British ship.

Plattsburgh

On Lake Champlain, American forces destroyed the British fleet and forced the army to retreat to Canada. Our northern border was not longer threatened.

New Orleans

Unaware of the Treaty of Ghent, British forces attacked Andrew Jackson’s well-entrenched army and suffered huge losses.

Hartford Convention

The New England Federalists opposed the war as unnecessary and ruinous to the foreign trade upon which they depended. They met at Hartford in December, 1814, to reassert nullification and talk of secession.

Treaty of Ghent

The peace settlement was signed on December 24, 1814, negotiated by the American diplomats John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin.

Chapter Eight

Second Bank of the United States

The resulting multiplicity of state banks with divergent financial practices led in many cases to financial chaos. Congress reasserted control of the nation’s finances by chartering a second Bank in 1816.

Frances Cabot Lowell

The war forced American industry to be more self-sufficient. Lowell developed a power loom superior to the English model and organized the Boston Manufacturing Company in 1813.

National Road

This paved highway, funded by the federal government, connected Cumberland, Maryland with Wheeling, Virginia.

Great Migration

Following the War of 1812, Americans moved west in huge numbers. Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, and Alabama all joined the Union before 1812.

John Jacob Astor

Owner of American Fur Company. His operations extended from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains

“Mountain Men’

These were trappers and explorers sometimes in the employment of the fur companies.

Stephen H. Long

This major led a small military expedition to explore the region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains is an effort to find the source of the Red River. Labeled this area the “Great American Desert”

Virginia Dynasty

Virginia seemed to have a lock on the Presidency:

Jefferson - (1801-1809)

Madison - (1809-1817)

Monroe - (1817-1825)

“Era of Good Feelings”

This description was applied to the time of the Presidency of James Monroe, who went out of his way to unify the various sections of the growing nation.

Florida

In response to raids by the Seminoles into Georgia, Andrew Jackson invaded Florida and seized two Spanish forts. Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. in 1819.

Panic of 1819

The “era of good feelings” quickly evaporated in the wake of the “bust” which followed the speculative “boom” of the years following the war.

Missouri Compromise 1820

Missouri and Maine were admitted to the Union in 1819. Slavery was prohibited in all of the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of the line 36, 30’.

John Marshall

Served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835. A Federalist who remained one long after the rest of his party had passed from the scene.

Fletched v. Peck

Marshall ruled that a land grant was a contract and could not be repealed by a state. This was the first time that the court voided a state law on the basis that it conflicted with the Constitution.

Dartmouth Collge v. Woodward

Marshall ruled that a corporate charter was likewise a contract and could not be repealed by a state.

Cohens v. Virginia

Marshall reaffirmed the power of the Court to override the decisions of state courts.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Marshall upheld the doctrine of “implied powers” of Congress in confirming the constitutionally of the Bank of the United States.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Marshall declared that Congress was empowered to control the interstate commerce.

Worcester v. Georgia

Marshall declared Indian tribes to sovereign within their own territory.

Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe declared the Western Hemisphere closed to further European colonization. America would likewise refrain from any interference in European affairs.

Corrupt Bargain

The election campaign of 1824 found four Republican candidates fighting to succeed Monroe: William Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson.

Corrupt Bargain

Electoral Vote Count:

Jackson - 99

Adams - 84

Crawford - 41

Clay - 37

American System

Henry Clay proposed a program that would strengthen the American economy by encouraging domestic trade. Wanted to raise the tariff, maintain the national bank, and used federal funds to pay for internal improvement.

Tariff of Abominations

New England woolen manufacturers demanded that Adams raise the tariff rates to protect them form British competition. Adams sign the bill, and the South cursed it as a “tariff of abominations”

Election of 1828

In a bitterly contested campaign market by a great deal of slander, Andrew Jackson defeated the incumbent John Quincy Adams.

Chapter Nine

De Tocqueville

The French aristocrat visited the U.S. in 1831 and recorded his impressions in “Democracy in America.” Impressed by the fact that nearly everyone in America had the same opportunity to succeed. “Not until I went into the churches of America and heard her pulpits flame with righteousness did I understand the secret of her genius and power.” “The American Republic will endure until the day Congress discovers that it can bribe the public with the public’s money.”

Jackson’ Inauguration

A destructive celebration took place in the White House, as the “common man” who elected Jackson began to express himself in ways foreign to aristocratic Washington.

Spoils System

Those who supported the President would be rewarded with federal jobs. The previous officeholders regarded this as unfair.

Dorr Rebellion

In 1840, an activist lawyer names Thomas L. Dorr led a group to from a “People’s party” and draft a new constitution. This was defeated and Dorr was arrested.

Two-party System

The existence of an active opposition group would force officeholder to pay attention to the will of the people, since now the people would have an alternative. In the 1830’s, the two-party system began to operate.

Nullification

Theory basically stated that the people of a state could vote to reject a law passed by Congress. The Law could not then be enforced in that state. Nullification could only be overridden by a vote of 3/4 of the states.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson usually bypassed the official Cabinet and got his advice from a group of friends and political allies.

Peggy Eaton

Unsavory rumors were spread about Peggy O’Neal and Senator John Eaton. Her husband died, and she and Eaton were soon married.

Webster-Hayne Debate

“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!” - Webster

“Our Federal Union - it must be preserved.” - Jackson

“The Union - next to our liberty most dear.” - Calhoun

Nullification Crisis 1832

Henry Clay introduced a tariff that would gradually lower the new tariff. Webster had pointed out a basic fallacy of the nullification argument.

Black Hawk War

Jackson wanted all of the Indians to move west of the Mississippi. The Sauk and Fox tribes, led by Black Hawk, resisted. Illinois militia and federal troops forced them to Iowa and slaughtered most of them.

Trail of Tears

Jackson’s Indian policy required all of them to move west of the Mississippi, by the point of bayonet if necessary. Many died on the long trek to Oklahoma.

Seminole War

The Seminole tribe, under their leader Osceola, resisted relocation with guerilla warfare in the Everglades. After a long struggle, very costly to both sides, the government gave up and let the remaining Seminoles stay.

The “Bank War”

Nicholas Biddle, and the powerful senators Clay and Webster, Congress passed a re-charter bill in 1832. Jackson vetoes it and Clay used the Bank as his mail campaign issue in the election of 1832. Jackson won the election, and the people’s view seemed clear.

“Pet Bank”

Jackson was determined to destroy the Bank’s charter. Deposits were made to dozens of state banks (Jackson’s “pet banks”). Biddle responded by calling loans and raising interest rates.

Roger Taney

After John Marshall died in 1835, Jackson appointed Taney to take his place. Taney was Jackson’s supporter who tended to support the rights of the people and retreat somewhat from Marshall’s nationalism.

Whigs

In response to what was viewed as Jackson’s misuses of power, a new party was formed during the 1830’s. Their great leaders were Webster, Clay, and Calhoun.

Democratic Philosophies

Limiting the government. Protecting the rights of states. Eliminating privilege. Pursuing territorial expansion.

Whig Philosophies

Expanding the government. Encouraging industry and commerce.

Anti-masonry

An Anti-Mason party had been formed in the 1820’s. This movement was incorporated into the Whig Party. Captain William Morgan was arrested and died in 1826 for attempting to expose the Masons.

Martin Van Buren

The eight President had been Jackson’s second VP and his hand-picked successor. A senator from New York, then governor.

Specie Circular

Issued by Jackson, which required that in the future only gold or silver (“specie” or “hard money”) or notes backed in gold or silver would be accepted in payment for public land.

Panic of 1837

Soon after Van Buren became President, business began to fail, massive amount of unemployed, and national misery. The depression lasted five years and ruined Van Buren’s administration.

Independent Treasury

In order to protect the integrity of government funds, Van Buren proposed an independent treasury and several sub-treasuries in which only government agents would handle government funds.

Election of 1840

The Whig candidate and war hero William Henry Harrison defeated Van Buren in a campaign where specific issues were largely forgotten and each side posed as the one more sympathetic to the plight of the common man.

John Tyler

Harrison died one month after taking office, and Tyler was the first VP to succeed a deceased Chief Executive. A former Democrat, he had become a Whig, but once president, he did not follow the Whig party.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Lord Ashburton and Secretary of State Daniel Webster were willing to compromise and settle the dispute the Canadian border.

Chapter Ten

Nativism

Many American viewed the influx of Europeans as threats to their jobs and their quality of life and began to band together in secret societies.

“Know-Nothings”

Nativist groups demands included banning Catholics or aliens from holding office, more restrictive naturalization laws, and literacy tests for voting. Secret password for these groups: “I know nothing.”

Erie Canal

It connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie and completed an all-water route between the Great Lakes and New York City. Built between 1817-1825. 4’ deep, 40’ wide, and more than 350 miles long.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

It began operation in 1830 as America’s first railroad company, and was powered by America’s first steam locomotive.

Trunk Lines

The major cities of the Northeast and Northwest were connected by railroad. The South remained a network of short independent local lines.

Telegraph

1844, Samual F.B. Morse made possible instantaneous long-distance communication. By 1860, they were more than 50,000 miles of telegraph wire tying the country together.

Associated Press

In 1846, the AP was organized for the purpose of collecting and sharing new across the nation by wire.

Barter

Customers of small-town general stores would often trade eggs or produce for the goods they needed. No money changed hands.

Corporation

Several wealthy partners pooled their resources to form a company. All stood to profit if the enterprise was successful.

Factory System

Beginning in New England, manufacturers utilized the readily-accessible waterpower, new machines, and the concept of specialization of tasks to revolutionize production.

Coal

It burned much more slowly than wood and came into prominent use as an industrial fuel to operate steam engines. Pennsylvania was the major coal-producing state.

Charles Goodyear

1839, discovered the process of vulcanizing rubber.

Howe and Singer 1846

How invented the sewing machine and Singer improved it.

Clipper Ships

Fast sailing ships were coming into use as transports, which had an advantage over steamships in that they could carry extra cargo instead of fuel.

Lowell System

Young girls could be recruited to work in the textile factories of Lowell, Massachusetts. Living conditions for the girls worsened as competition forced the owners to reduce “frills” as taking good care of their works.

National Trade Unions 1834

Skilled workers were finding in increasingly difficult to compete with the factories. Began to form unions for the purpose of mutual aid. National Trades’ Union formed in 1834.

Common Wealth vs. Hunt

The Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that unions were lawful organizations and that strikes were legal. Unions were not yet a powerful influence.

Cult of Domesticity

It was increasingly felt that a marries woman’s true place was in the home being a wife and mother, providing a benevolent shelter from the rigors and harshness of the outside world.

Oberlin College

Located in Ohio, it became the first college in America to admit women (1837). Mount Holyoke, founded in Massachusetts in the same year, was the first women’s college.

John Deere 1847

Developed the steel plow (lighter and strong than iron).

Cyrus McCormick 1834

Invented the automatic reaper and greatly increased efficiency of harvesting wheat.

Thresher

This machine separated the grain from the wheat stalks, and replaced hand flailing or treading by farm animals.

Chapter 11

King Cotton

Became the main source of profit for the South after the invention of the cotton gin. By 1860’s the South brought in nearly $200 million. Average cotton bale weights 500 pounds.

De Bow’s Review

From 1846 until 1880 this was a magazine that advocated southern commercial and agricultural expansion.

South of Southern Difference

Agriculture economy was booming. Many wealthy southerners had little money left. Southern climate was less suitable than the North for industry development.

Cavaliers

People happily free from the base, acquisitive instincts of the ‘Yankees’ to their north. White southerners.

Planter Aristocracy

Despite the fact that only 1/4 of Southern whites owned any slaves at all, and only a fraction of them owned more than a few slaves, these planters came to dominate life in the South.

Plain Folk

A typical white southerner was a modest yeoman farmer who owned a few slaves. Devoted themselves to subsistence farming of the land that they owned.

“Hill Folk”

Southern highlanders who lived in the Appalachian ranges, the Ozarks, and other ‘hill country’ or ‘back country’ areas. Preferred to be in areas that were cut off from the more commercial world of plantation.

Peculiar Institution

What white southerners called slavery, which meant that it was distinctive and special.

Slave Codes

Forbade slaves….

• To hold property

• To leave their maters’ premise

• To be out after dark

• To congregate with other slaves except at church

• To carry firearms, or to strike a white person even in self-defense

• From reading or writing

• From testifying against white people

Task and Gang System

Methods of assigning labor. Task - the most common in the rice culture, salves were assigned a particular task in the morning. Gang - common in the cotton, sugar, and tobacco plantations; was where slaves were divided into group which were directed by a diver and compelled to work for many hours.

House Slaves

Separate domestic staff. Nursemaids, housemaids, cooks, butlers, and coachmen. Lived in close proximity of their masters.

Free African Americans

There were about 250,000 in the slaveholding states by the start of the Civil War. New laws made it more difficult for owners to set free their slaves.

Slave Markets

Purchasers gathered to bid for them. Bidders would check the slaves like livestock. Made to walk, their teeth inspected, and they were checked for signs of infirmity or age.

Foreign Slave Trade

Federal law prohibited the importation of slaves form 1808 on, some continued to be smuggled into the United States as late as the 1850’s.

Nat Turner

Nat Turner, a southeastern Virginia salve who had won the trust of his master was permitted to preach on other plantations. Led a rebellion in 1831 that resulted in brutal murders of sixty whites.

Slave Resistances

Some attempted to resist by running away. Some stole form their masters. Some performed acts of sabotage. Some made themselves useless by cutting off their fingers of committing suicide.

Harriet Tubman

She escaped from slaver and helped several hundred other blacks to do the same. Many called her “Grandma Moses,” She made 13 missions back to the south to rescue around 70 slaves. Never lost a person on her missions.

Pidgin

First generation of slaves had as much difficulty communicating with one another as they did with white people. A simple common language was developed that retained some African words but drew primarily from English.

Slave Religion

This religion was more emotional and reflected the influence of African customs. It involved fervent chanting, spontaneous exclamations form the congregation and ecstatic conversion experiences.

Chapter 12

James Fenimore Cooper

The first great American novelist. Most famous as the author of The Last of the Mohicans.

Walt Whitman

His poetry is distinguished by a free verse style, as in Leaves of Grass (1855).

Herman Melville

Wrote Moby Dick (1851).

Edgar Allen Poe

Wrote many poems and short stories, many of them were quire morbid. Best-known for The Rave, The Tell-Tale Heart, and The Fall of the House of Usher.

Transcendentalism

This philosophy, originating from Concord, Massachusetts, held that a person should be liberated form the intellectual and moral restrictions imposed by society.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

The leader of the transcendentalism movement, and was also known for his essays and poetry. Concord Hymn.

Henry David Thoreau

Follower of Emerson. Wrote Walden about his experience living alone in the woods. Essay Resistance to Civil Government, in which he advocated “civil disobedience.”

Utopian Communities

Transcendentalists made several attempts to establish their own separate societies. These were Utopian in nature.

Shakers

Committed to celibacy and strictly ordered society. Idealized sexual equality. “Shakers” came from their strange religious dances.

Mormons

Joseph Smith was founder Wrote Book of Mormon in 1830. Joseph Smith was killed in 1844 Brigham Young was successor.

Charles G. Finney

Greatest evangelist in the 1820’s and 1830’s. Wrote Revival Lectures. Preached Temperance and Abolition.

Temperance

A band that made an effort to stamp out alcohol.

Horace Mann

“Father of Public Education.” Lengthened school days, doubled teacher salaries, enlarged the curriculum, introduced professional training. Believed in universal education.

Perkins School

First school for the blind established in Boston.

Alaska

More than half of the coastline of the entire U.S. is in Alaska.

Asylum Movement

“Homes” for different types of people who could not function in society (i.e. mentally ill, criminals, orphans).

Dorothea Dix

Began a nationwide reform movement in the treatment of criminals and the mentally ill.

Reservations

A place for dislocated Indians where they could become “civilized.”

Seneca Falls Convention

Convention led by Mott and Stanton. Resented America’s male-dominated society. Demanded the right for women to vote.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First American female physician.

American Colonization Society

Founded in Virginia in 1817. Goal was to buy slaves from their masters and send them back to Africa.

Liberia

A nation made up of the few blacks that was the ACS was able to set free. Founded in 1830.

William Lloyd Garrison

Took leadership of the anti-slavery movement. Founded the weekly paper The Liberator.

Fredrick Douglas

Outstanding black anti-slavery orator. Edited the anti-slaver paper The North Star.

Elijah Lovejoy

Edited the abolitionist paper in Alton, Illinois. White mobs wrecked his presses and finally murdered him.

Underground Railroad

A series of cooperative Northerners who provided hiding places and transportation for slaves to escape to Canada.

Free Soil

The desire for people to keep the territories free of slavery but not to interfere with it where it already existed.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852. “So this is the little lated who started the big war!” -Abraham Lincoln

Chapter 13

Manifest Destiny

Coined by John L. O’Sullivan. Described his conviction that America was foreordained by God to dominate the entire continent.

Texas Independence 1836

Texans fought against Mexico for their independence and own in 1836.

Stephen Austin

Led the early Texan settlers. Capital of Texas is named for him.

Santa Anna

Mexican dictator led his army against the Texans.

Alamo

A Texan garrison at San Antonio. Besieged and Eliminated. The sacrifice gave Sam Houston time to organize his army.

Goliad

The garrison surrendered. Mexicans murdered the prisoners.

Sam Houston

Organized and led the Texan army to victory. First president of Texas.

Battle of San Jacinto

Houston won the battle in 20 minutes. Texas won its independence.

Oregon Territory

Claimed by both Americans and Britain. Since 1818, they agreed to share it.

Oregon Trail

Began in Independence, Missouri and ended in Portland, Oregon. Indian threat, though present, seems to have been exaggerated.

James K. Polk

Political protege of Andrew Jackson. Nicknamed “Young Hickory.” Won the election of 1844.

Annexation of Texas

Completed before Polk took office “The Union joined Texas.”

Annexation of Oregon 1846

America settled for the division of Oregon at the 29th parallel.

Texas Border Dispute

Texas claimed it to be the Rio Grande River. Mexico claimed it to be the Nueces River. War was declared in 1846.

Mexican War 1846-1848

Many viewed this war as a blatant attempt to achieve our “Manifest Destiny.”

Zachary Taylor

The American general whose forces were attacked by the Mexican north of the Rio Grande.

Stephen Kearny

Occupied Santa Fe and marched to California to complete the American conquest of the present-day Southwest.

John C. Fremont

Led the revolt of the American settlers in California that culminated in Kearny’s victory.

Winfield Scott

Commander of the American forces in Mexico. Captured Mexico City and ended the war in 1847.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ceded New Mexico and California to the United States. Recognized the Rio Grande as the border of Texas. Paid Mexico $15 million.

Wilmont Priviso

Proposed an amendment to an appropriation bill that would prohibit slavery in any territory acquired form Mexico.

Popular Sovereignty

Would allow states to vote for slavery or against slavery. Federal government could not be involved.

Election of 1848

Taylor won for the Whigs. Defeated Lewis Case and former President Martin Van Buren.

Gold Rush

1848 - Gold was discovered in Sutter’s Fort.

Compromise 1850

California was admitted as a free state. New Mexico and Utah territories were organized in the principles of popular sovereignty. Texas was awarded $10 million to give up its claim in the New Mexico territory. Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia. Stricter federal Fugitive Slave Law was passed.

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce won for the Democrats. Tried to maintain sectional harmony by avoiding all volatile issues.

Gadsen Purchase

A strip of land south of the Gila River. Mexico sold the land to James Gadsen for $10 million. Secretary of War - Jefferson Davis.

Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854

Senator Stephen Douglas proposed to repeal the Missouri Compromise and open Kansas and Nebraska to slavery.

Republican Party

Formed in 1854. First stood solely for opposition to expansion of slavery. Direct response of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Bleeding Kansas

Thousands of Missourians moved into Kansas. Pro-slavery forces focused on Kansas. Anti-slavery focused on Topeka.

Sumner-Books Incident

Illustrated the feelings of both sides on the slavery issue. Books nearly murdered Sumner with a cane.

Free-Soul Ideology

The Northerners opposed slavery only for fear that the South society would grow to large and begin to dominate.

Proslavery Arguments

The slaves would be helpless on their own. Southern slaves were better off than Northern factory workers. Slavery was the only way to have peace between the races. Slavery held up the Southern economy. The Bible supported the practice of slavery. Slavery was the basis for the wonderful Southern way of life.

Gag Rule

Any anti-slavery petitions presented in Congress from 1836-1844 had to be ignored.

Election of 1856

Republicans nominated their first candidate, John C. Fremont. Democrats won the election with the nomination of James Buchanan.

Dred Scott Decision 1875

Scott was a Missouri slave suing for his freedom. Chief Justice Roger Taney and the Supreme Court ruled against Scott stating that slaved had no rights as human beings.

Lecompton

Buchanan supported the Lecompton constitution. Voters of Kansas rejected it three times.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858

A series of seven debates on each of the opponents beliefs on slavery. Douglas won the election, but Lincoln won the respect of the people.

John Brown

Captured the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry. US Marines commanded by Robert E. Lee forced him to surrender. Brown was hung for treason.

Election of 1860

Lincoln won 180 of 303 electoral votes and 40 % of the popular voted. Seven states had seceded by the time Lincoln took office.

Chapter 14

Confederate States of America

Representatives met in Montgomery in 1861 and formed the Confederate nation.

Fort Sumter

Bombardment began on April 12, 1861. Major Anderson surrendered on April 14, 1861. Formal beginning of the war.

Northern Advantages

Population - 11 states with 9 million people. Industry. Transportation - Railroads, waterways, and roads.

Southern Advantages

“Home field” advantage. Focus and Unity. Europe’s dependence on cotton. Superior generalship.

Homestead Act

Opened the West to settlement. Cloud claim 160 acres and purchase after five years.

Morrill Act

30,000 acres given to each state for every congressional state representative. Proceeds financed the public education.

Financing the War

Government raised money through taxation, borrowing, and issuing paper currency.

NYC Draft Riots

Congress enacted a national draft in 1863. Four-day riot caused nearly 100 deaths.

Copperhead

Northern Democrats who opposed the war. Most prominent of these was Clement Vallandigham.

Election of 1864

Democrats nominee: George McLellan. Republican nominee: Abraham Lincoln.

Radical Republicans

Led by Stevens, Sumner, and Benjamin Wade. Pressed for the immediate abolition of slavery.

Emancipation Proclamation

On January 1, 1863, Lincoln declared the slaves in the Confederacy free. Its main value was only symbolic.

Richmond

After Virginia seceded, the Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond.

Jefferson Davis

A former senator and secretary of war. Chosen president for the Confederacy.

Monitor v. Merrimack

The first battle between ironclads was on March 9, 1862.

King Cotton

Britain and France began to import cotton from Egypt.

Trent Affair

The British government demanded an apology and the release of the two diplomats.

Civil War Dearths

Death toll surpassed 600,000

First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

First major battle of the war fought in July 1861. “Stonewall” Jackson received his nickname at this battle.

David G. Farragut

Capture New Orleans. Gave Union control of the southern Mississippi River.

Fort Henry and Donelson

Grant captured these forts in February 1862. Grant received the nickname “Unconditional Surrender.”

Battle of Shiloh

Grant’s army was ambushed in April 1862. Grant forced the Confederates to withdraw. Union occupied Corinth MS, and important railroad hub.

Battle of Perryville

General Bragg of the Confederate was turned away by General Buell of the Union in October of 1862.

Battle of Murfreesboro

Lincoln replace Buell with Rosecrans. Bragg was driven off in December of 1862.

Peninsular Campaign

McClellan landed on the Virginian Coast. Johnston had plenty of time to set up defenses.

Valley Campaign

Stonewall Jackson bought time for McClellan by feigning and attack on Washington.

Battle of Fair Oaks (Seven Pines)

Johnston was badly wounded and was replaced by Robert E. Lee.

Battle of Seven Days

In June 1862, McClellan was defeated by Lee ending the threat to Richmond for the time.

Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

Lee advanced north towards Washington in August 1862 and then continued to Maryland.

Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest single day of the war - 23,000 casualties. Lincoln replace McClellan with Burnside.

Battle of Fredericksburg

Burnside chased Lee toward Richmond. Confederates placed themselves strategically on the hills and turned back the Union. Burnside resigned after his failure.

Battle of Chancellorsville

Hooker replaced Burnside. Hooker lost the initiative and was forced back across the river. Jackson was mortally wounded.

Battle of Gettysburg

Major turning point of the war. Lee retreated to Virginia after failing to upset the Union army. Lincoln gave the “Gettysburg Address” there in November 1863.

Battle of Vicksburg

Six-week battle. Vicksburg’s surrender occurred on the same day as the Confederate’s retreat at Gettysburg - July 4, 1863.

Battle of Wilderness

In May 1864, Grant led his army into the wilderness west of Fredericksburg. A wild and confused battle resulted with no clear decision.

Battle of Chickamauga

At Chickamauga Creek, Bragg turned to fight and drove the Union army back to Chattanooga.

Battle of Chattanooga

Confederates besieged Chattanooga. Grant brought reinforcements and enabled the Union army to break out and drive the Confederates back to Georgia.

Spotsylvania Court House

Five-day battle. Lee interposed his army between Grant and Richmond.

Battle of Cold Harbor

Very close to Richmond, Grant tried a headlong attack on the strongly entrenched Confederates. There were 7,000n Union casualties inflicted in less than an hour.

Battle of Petersburg

Siege lasted for nine months. Grant finally succeeded. War was shortly over after this battle.

Battle of Atlanta

Sherman marched to the sea.

Battle of Nashville

Thomas destroyed Hood in Nashville in December 1864.

March to the Sea

Sherman marched his troops to the coast devastating everything in his path. His purpose was to deprive the Confederate army of supplies and to make the Southern people suffer.

Appomattox

Lee surrendered to Grant in Appomattox. April 9, 1865.

Chapter 15

13th Amendment

Slavery was declared unconstitutional in 1865.

Freedman’s Bureau

Created in March 1865. Assisted former slaves in obtaining food, transportation, jobs, education, etc.

Conservative Republicans

Humane peace. Swift restoration to the Union of the former Confederate. Slavery must end but would not interfere with Southern society.

Radical Republicans

Punish South severely. Leaders of the Confederacy should be treated as criminal and traitors.

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

Amnesty would be granted to all white Southerners who would take an oath of loyalty to the government and free any slaves they possessed.

Lincoln’s Assassination

Fatally shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865.

Andre Johnson

Vice President to Abraham Lincoln and succeeded to presidency when Lincoln died. Carried out Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan.

Black Codes

Laws passed to keep the blacks in subjugation.

14th Amendment 1868

Granted blacks citizenship after a two-year struggle with the Southern legislatures.

Congressional Plan

All states won admittance by 1870.

15th Amendment

Black men were given the right to vote.

Impeachment of Johnson

Charged with violating Tenure of Office Act. Acquitted by one vote. Trial lasted for two months.

Scalawags

Southern white republicans who were not popular in the South.

Carpetbaggers

Northern white republicans who moved to the South for the political and economic opportunities.

Sharecropping

Blacks became tenants of white landowners. Portion of the crops went to landowners.

Crop Lien System

Stores would extend farmers credits. Stores held a lien (claim) on the farmer’s crops.

Election of 1868

Chosen for experience on the battlefield not for political experience. Candidate for the Radical Republicans. U.S. Grant.

Alaska

William Seward negotiated for the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867. Known as “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox.”

Alabama Claims

Settled in 1871. Britain paid $15.5 million in damages.

Child Service Reform

Loyalty to party in power. Proven ability to perform duties. Settled after the assassination of Garfield in 1881.

Election of 1872

Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greely. Grant won a second term.

Credit Mobilier

Political scandal. Credit Mobilier gave stock to members of Congress to keep them from investigating.

Panic of 1873

Long. Sever. During Grant’s presidency.

Greenbacks

Paper money. Value fluctuates. Causes inflation.

Ku Klux Klan

Secret Society. Used scare tactics to prevent blacks from exercising their citizenship and voting rights.

Election of 1876

Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Haynes. Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden. Hayes wont the election.

Chapter 16

Redeemers

White Democratic leadership. Social Conservatism. Dismantled beneficial aspects.

New South

Southern leaders wanted to industrialize the region to compete with the North.

Lost Cause

Many Southerners looked back fondly to the “good old” days before the war.

Birmingham

Great iron and steel center of the South.

Gauge

One problem with reuniting the Southern transportation and the Northern was that of the differences in gauges (width) The South changed the gauge of their tracks in 1866.

Crop-lien System

Problems remained until the nineteenth-century.

Booker T. Washington

Founder and president of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Helped influence blacks to strive for education.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Segregation was legalized in the South in 1869.

Jim Crow Laws

White southerners found ways around the Constitutional amendments to discourage blacks from voting.

Lynching

Blacks were hung for being guilty of crimes or not staying “in their place”

W.E.B. Du Bois

Opposed Booker T. Washington principles. Believed Communism held the solution for the black’s problems.

Boom Towns

Towns grew as news of gold or silver was reported. “Ghost towns” were often formed from these towns.

Longhorns

Famous cattle of the Old West. Descendants of Spanish stock. 5 million in Texas alone.

Long Drive

Cattle were driven approximately 800 miles to a railroad. Abilene, Kansas was the first great “cow town.”

Range Wars

A land war between farmers and cattlemen, and between sheep and herders and cowboys over the usage of the range.

End of the Open Ranges

Open ranges ended by 1887 because of the severe winter.

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Historian from the University of Wisconsin. “Turner thesis” - 1893. Believed in the passing of the “final frontier.”

Indian Territory

Nearly all Indian tribes were relocated to Oklahoma after the Civil War.

Plains Indians

Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, and Comanche lived nomadic lives on the plains.

White Policies Towards the Tribes

The separate bands and tribes would not unite against the whites. Whites signed treaties with the tribes. Whites broke the treaties. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was corrupt. Whites destroyed the buffalo herds.

Bozeman Trail

An effort to build a road between Fort Laramie, Wyoming and the mining centers in Montano and Idaho.

Little Big Horn

June 25, 1876, a huge force of warriors ambushed General Custer. The last great victory of the Sioux tribe. General Custer’s Grave.

Nez Perce

A small, peaceful tribe from Idaho that refused to move to a smaller reservation. Fled to Canada, but were captured in 1877.

Geronimo

Last of the great Apache warrior chiefs. His surrender marked the end of the formal warfare between Indians and whites.

Battle of Wounded Knee

A Paiute prophet stirred up the Sioux tribe. Troops killed 200 Indians and ended the time of Indian resistance.

Dawes Act 1887

Supposed solution to the “Indian problem.” Indians were to become farmers. Act was never fully implemented.

Transcontinental Railroad 1869

The two trains met at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869. Marketed by Joseph Glidden and I.L. Ellwood. Used to protect the farmer’s land from cattle.

Risks of Plains Farming

Shortage of water. Uncertain weather. Insect pests. High operating costs. Failing crop prices.

Commercial Farming

Famers began to market on a large scale, but with this came a huge risk.

Farmer’s Grievances

Railroads charged high prices. Lending institutions charged high interest rates. Farmed paid high prices for domestic goods.

A