Condsened Study Guide Powerpoint

Module Overview

• The presentation covers various aspects of anatomy and physiology, highlighting anatomical nomenclature, cellular structure, tissue types, and metabolism.

Anatomical Nomenclature

• Definition: Standardized terminology for describing locations, relationships, and movements of body structures for universal understanding.

• Importance: Enables precise communication in healthcare and scientific fields.

Anatomical Terms

• Eponyms: Terms named after individuals (e.g., Circle of Willis).

• Standardized Terms: Used to describe structures (e.g., Femur is the thigh bone).

• Purpose: Provides clarity and consistency in medical communication.

Directional Terms and Planes

• Planes:

  • Sagittal Plane

  • Frontal Plane

  • Transverse Plane

• Directional Terms:

  • Proximal/Distal

  • Ventral/Dorsal

  • Medial/Lateral

  • Superficial/Deep

  • Superior/Inferior

  • Cranial/Caudal

Cellular Structure

Overview of Cells

• Basic Unit of Life: Cells are the smallest living units.

• Components:

  • Plasma Membrane

  • Cytosol

  • Chromosomes

  • Ribosomes

• Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells:

  • Prokaryotic: No nucleus, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, smaller ribosomes (70S).

  • Eukaryotic: Nucleus present, membrane-bound organelles, larger ribosomes (80S).

Metabolism

Overview of Metabolism

• Catabolic Pathways: Release energy by breaking down complex molecules (e.g., cellular respiration).

• Anabolic Pathways: Consume energy to build complex molecules (e.g., protein synthesis).

ATP and Energy Coupling

• ATP: Main energy currency of the cell.

• Work Types: Chemical, transport, mechanical.

Tissues Overview

Four Basic Tissue Types

1. Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces, including skin.

   • Functions: Protection, absorption, and secretion.

2. Connective Tissue: Supports and binds other tissues.

3. Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement (3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth).

4. Nervous Tissue: Responsible for internal communication (e.g., brain, nerves).

Characteristics of Epithelial Cells

• Polarity: Cells have an apical and basal surface.

• Specialized Contacts: Tight junctions and desmosomes to hold cells together.

• Supported by Connective Tissue: Basement membrane reinforces the epithelium.

• Avascular: No blood supply, depends on diffusion from connective tissue.

• Regeneration: High regenerative capacity to replace damaged cells.

Tissue Regeneration Types

• Complete Regeneration: Full restoration of tissue (e.g., liver).

• Fibrosis: Scar tissue formation leading to loss of function.

• Cellular Regeneration: Replacement of lost tissue.

Nutritional Sciences Overview

• Nutritional Sciences: Study of food, nutrients, their processing, and relationship to health.

• Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, fats, proteins; provide energy.

• Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals; crucial for physiological functions.

• Functions of Nutrients: Energy production, immune function, bone health.

Carbohydrates

• Classification: Monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two sugars), polysaccharides (long chains).

• Functions: Energy source, storage (glycogen, starch), structural components (cellulose).

Fats

• Classification: Triglycerides (energy storage), phospholipids (cell membranes), sterols (cholesterol).

• Functions: Energy storage, insulation, signaling molecules.

Proteins

• Basic Unit: Amino acids (20 types), essential for structure and function.

• Functions: Enzymatic activity, transport, cell signaling.

Key Takeaways

• Understanding anatomical terminology enhances communication in healthcare.

• Cells are the building blocks of life with specific functions based on their structure.

• Tissue types play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis and supporting bodily functions.

• Nutrition sciences inform us about the importance of diet on health and metabolic processes.