(1)-Career Selection

Definition

• Career selection: Choosing a profession for a significant period that provides growth and prosperity.

• Involves education, training, and work (paid/unpaid).

• Influenced by mass media in modern times.

Steps in Career Selection

1. Research Career Opportunities

   • List careers available in the local area (e.g., farming, services, construction).

   • Comprehensive career listing is crucial.

   • Activity: Brainstorm and list all local career opportunities.

2. Evaluate Careers

   • Compare listed careers based on:

     • Required skills, knowledge, resources, and experiences.

   • Understand the details of each career.

   • Activity: Select five careers and note the qualifications needed.

3. Discuss Careers

   • Compare and contrast selected careers with peers.

   • Learn new options and refine choices.

   • Drop less suitable options.

   • Activity: Group discussion to choose the most appropriate career.

4. Decide on a Career

   • Finalize a career after research, evaluation, and discussion.

   • Consider personal interests and career potential.

Steps to Find the Right Career

1. Make a List: Combine all possible career options.

2. Explore Options: Narrow down to 5–10 choices.

3. Shortlist Careers: Reduce the list to 2–5 options.

4. Gather Information: Seek advice and detailed insights about shortlisted careers.

5. Choose a Career: Pick the one offering satisfaction and growth.

6. Set Goals: Define long-term (3–5 years) and short-term (6 months–3 years) goals.

7. Create an Action Plan: Write a roadmap to achieve career goals (2)Reception Skills and Photocopier Usage

Reception Career

• Primarily linked with hotel services in Ethiopia.

• Duties:

  • Answer visitor inquiries.

  • Direct visitors to destinations.

  • Sort and distribute mail.

  • Manage multi-line telephone systems.

Basic Skills Required for a Reception Career

1. Written and Verbal Communication

   • Clear and effective communication is crucial.

2. Customer Service

   • Be pleasant, accommodating, and attentive.

3. Multitasking and Prioritization

   • Handle multiple tasks simultaneously in a fast-paced environment.

4. Welcoming Body Language

   • Smile, nod, shake hands, and display positive gestures.

5. Interpersonal Skills

   • Collaborate easily, handle criticism gracefully, and avoid office politics.

6. Work Under Pressure

   • Manage constraints like time, resources, and unforeseen problems.

7. Basic Computer Knowledge

   • Familiarity with tools like Microsoft Word, Excel, and email software.

Ethiopian Hospitality Experiences

• Ethiopians value hospitality:

  • Warm greetings, handshakes, and respect for guests.

  • Offering the best resources (e.g., coffee or tea ceremonies).

  • Conversations begin with questions about family or life.

  • Conservative and modest values dominate.

Photocopier Machine

1. Steps to Use a Photocopier

   • Turn on the Machine: Ensure the power cable is plugged in and press the power button.

   • Place Document: Face the document downward on the glass.

   • Select Number of Copies: Use digital controls to choose quantity.

   • Adjust Color: Set color preferences in the menu.

   • Select Paper Size: Choose appropriate paper size, usually 8.5x11 inches.

   • Press Copy Button: Start printing.

2. Maintenance Tips

   • Regularly clean exterior and internal parts like bypass trays.

   • Use a soft cloth moistened with 70% isopropyl alcohol for cleaning.

   • Avoid spraying liquids directly on the machine.

3. Common Copier Problems

   • Paper Jams: Caused by misalignment or wrong paper size.

   • Lines on Paper: Results from dirty scanner glass, malfunctioning drum, or developer unit issues.

   • Toner/Cartridge Issues: Replace empty or faulty cartridges.

   • Wrinkled Pages: Due to worn rollers or humidity.

   • Light/Dark Copies: Adjust density settings to fix imbalance.

   • Spots on the Page:

     • Consistent Spots: Caused by smudges or debris on the copier mirror or glass.

     • Random Spots: Likely a defect in the drum; replacing the drum should resolve the issue.

How to Take Care of a Copier

1. General Maintenance

   • Shut off the copier when not in use.

   • Allow the machine to warm up before using.

   • Clean the copier glass regularly.

   • Use high-quality paper to prevent jams.

   • Load paper properly to avoid misfeeds.

   • Empty waste toner compartments regularly.

2. Cleaning and Dust Management

   • Keep the ink cartridge head clean and free from dust.

   • Clear dust from all parts of the machine, including feed rollers.

   • Use quality cleaning materials, avoiding fibrous items like paper towels.

3. Professional Maintenance

   • Know when to consult a professional for repairs or servicing.

(3): Concrete Blocks and Construction Tools

• Ensure proper safety equipment is used when handling construction tools to prevent injuries.

Types of Construction Materials

1. Concrete Block

   • Also known as cement block or concrete masonry unit (locally referred to as blocket).

   • A hollow building unit made from concrete.

   • Primarily used for constructing walls.

   • Has one or more hollow cavities; can be smooth or designed on the sides.

2. Concrete Brick

   • Made from cement and aggregate (usually sand).

   • Molded and cured, with mineral colors added to resemble clay bricks.

Raw Materials Used for Concrete Construction

• Common Concrete Mix:

  • Portland cement, water, sand, and gravel in a specific ratio:
    1:2:3 (1 part cement, 2 parts sand, 3 parts stone) with adequate water.

  • This ensures the concrete mix results in standard sizes and quality suitable for construction, ensuring profitability.

Tools and Equipment for Concrete Brick Construction

Safety Guidelines on Concrete Construction Sites

Note 4: Carpentry and Painting Overview

Carpentry Overview

Carpentry is a skilled trade involving the cutting, shaping, and installation of building materials in structures like buildings, timber bridges, ships, and concrete formworks.

Basic Carpentry Skills:

• General framing (constructing wooden structures for walls, floors, and doorframes).

• Building staircases.

• Installing windows, doors, siding, and roofing systems.

• Fitting and installing trim, stairs, doors, and hardware.

• Measuring, cutting, and joining wooden or wood-substitute materials.

Carpentry Tools

Carpentry Safety Rules

1. Eye Protection: Always wear safety glasses, goggles, or face shields to prevent eye injuries.

2. Hearing Protection: Use suitable earplugs or earmuffs for loud noise environments.

3. Protective Gear: Wear gloves, coats, masks, hats, and safety boots to shield against hazards.

Painting Overview

Painting involves coating surfaces with chemicals (paint) for both protection and decoration.

• Protection: Shields against weather damage, erosion, rust, or mold.

• Decoration: Improves aesthetic appeal.

Professional Painters and Decorators: Skilled in applying paint, varnish, wallpaper, and other coatings to residential, commercial, and industrial surfaces.

Painting Tools

Occupational Safety in Painting

1. Before Painting:

   • Wear dust masks while sanding.

   • Use eye protection.

   • Avoid sanding lead-based materials (carcinogenic risk).

2. General Practices:

   • Set up barriers or signs to warn others of painting activities.

   • Read and follow safety instructions on paint labels.

3. Hazard Prevention:

   • Avoid grinding near painting areas (fire risks).

General Workplace Health and Safety

• Environmental Standards: Regulate temperature, cleanliness, and potential hazards in the workplace.

• Personal Safety: Ensure access to protective equipment (e.g., hard hats) and maintain workplace conditions to prevent accidents or injuries.

• Facility Standards: Adequate restrooms and safety measures based on regulations.

By adhering to these tools, skills, and safety protocols, workers in carpentry, painting, and other trades can maintain both productivity and health.