Enzyme/respiration/fermentation Study

• How important are enzymes?

  • _all chemical reaction in living organisms require enzymes to work

• Enzymes speed up chemical reactions

  • “catalysts”

• ach enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction

  • each enzyme needs to be the _right shape for the job

  • enzymes are named for the reaction
    they help

    • sucrase breaks down sucrose_____

    • proteases breakdown proteins______

    • lipases_ breakdown lipids______

DNA polymerases builds _DNA

• Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily

  • re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules

  • very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions

• shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit

• specific enzyme for each specific reaction

• enzyme______

  • helper protein molecule

• substrate______

  • molecule that enzymes work on

• products________

  • what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction

• active sites________

  • part of enzyme
    that substrate
    molecule fits into

This organ releases liquid into the small intestine after the food has become liquid - stomach

Most chemical digestion takes place in this organ- small intestines

The small intestine takes up how much of the digestive system- 2/3

enzymes and secretions produced by what THREE organs finish the chemical digestion of food?- pancreas,liver,small intestine

Bile is produced in which organ?- Liver

what is the function of bile?- breaks up fats

What are the effects of enzymes on chemical reactions?

Enzymes decrease the activation energy.

Enzymes increase the rate of the reaction.

Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together.

Cellular energetics is the study of how living organisms capture and utilize energy.

Think of a cell as a refrigerator – it needs constant energy to maintain its internal environment, just like a refrigerator needs electricity to keep its contents cold. Without a constant supply of energy, cells would die.

Cellular respiration, the process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP, occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

Photosynthesis, the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight into chemical energy stored in glucose, occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and in the photosynthetic pigments of algae and bacteria.

Enzymes, proteins that speed up chemical reactions, play a crucial role in cellular energetics.

Enzymes act as catalysts, lowering the activation energy required for reactions to occur.

The digestive system has how many functions?*

3

The process by which the body breaks down food into nutrients is called:*

digestion

There are two kinds of digestion, check both of them.*

chemical

mechanical

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the digestive tract into the blood.*

absorption

What happens to materials that are not absorbed?

• eliminated as waste

Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin where?*

• mouth

what is the name of the fluid in your mouth?*

• saliva

The first stage of mechanical digestion is done by the:*

• teeth

Chemical digestion is accomplished using special proteins called:*

• enzymes

What is the name of a protein that speeds up chemical reactions?*

• enzymes

This little flap prevents food from ending up in your wind pipe.*

• epiglottis

Food moves into a muscular tube lined with what kind of material?*

• mucus

muscle contractions that move food down the esophagus is called?*

• peristalsis

How do cells withdraw energy from glucose?*

• respiration

 What molecule is broken down in Cell Respiration?*

• glucose

Respiration happens when?*

• continuously

respiration also means:*

• breathing

There are two kinds of respiration, what are they?

• breathing

• cellular respiration

What molecule you breathe in is necessary for cellular respiration?*

• oxygen

How many stages does respiration have?*

1/1

1

2

4

3

The first stage takes place in:*

cytoplasm

The first part includes glucose breaking down into smaller_________*

• molecules

The second stage take place where?*

• mitochondria

These chemical reactions require what molecule?*

• oxygen

What are the two other products of respiration?*

• water

• carbon dioxide

Photosynthesis consists of:

• Light-dependent reactions: Convert sunlight into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).

• Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): Use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

• Respiration: The process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Fermentation: An anaerobic process that allows cells to generate ATP from glucose without oxygen, resulting in byproducts such as ethanol or lactic acid.

What are the chloroplasts products in the processes?

• Oxygen: Released during the light-dependent reactions

• Glucose: Produced during the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

What are the chloroplasts reactants in the processes?

• Water: Required for the light-dependent reactions to generate oxygen and ATP

• Carbon dioxide: Used in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) to produce glucose.

What is the order in which digestion takes place?

• Ingestion: The process of taking in food through the mouth, where it is mechanically broken down by chewing and mixed with saliva.

• Digestion: The enzymatic breakdown of food into smaller, absorbable components, starting in the stomach with gastric juices and continuing in the small intestine with pancreatic enzymes and bile.

• Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream for use by the body.

• Elimination: The process of expelling undigested food and waste products from the body.

What is the order in which digestion goes?

• Mouth

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intestines

• large intestines

• out the anus

Respiration consists of which cycles?

Respiration consists of three main cycles: Glycolysis ,Krebs cycle ,and the electron transport chain, which are pivotal for energy production in cells.

What is the equation for using energy?

• ATP - P(phosphate)

Carbon acceptor?

• RuBP

What is a substrate?

• A substrate is the molecule upon which an enzyme acts during a reaction. (shape /structure

What is a product?

• What comes out from an experiment at the end

What is a enzyme?

An enzyme is a biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, thereby increasing the rate at which substrates are converted into products.

What is an enzyme substrate complex?

• When the substrate and enzyme come together and the substrate fits into the active site