Section 1.0

Section 1.1:

Solstice → The Shortest & Longest Day Of Year (Winter & Summer)

Equinox → Where Day & Night are equal (Fall & Spring)

Geocentric Model → Earth Centered Theory (Aristotle)

Heliocentric Model → Sun Centered Theory (Copernicus)

Elliptical → Oval patterns for planets to revolve around the sun (Kepler)

Different Monuments Used To Tell Time → Stonehenge, Pyramids, Chichen Itza, Aboriginal Circles

Section 1.2:

Sundial → Used to chart Sun’s progress around Earth’s sky (Early People)

Merkhet → Used to predict & chart star movement (Egyptians)

Quadrant → Used to measure star’s height above horizon (Egyptian)

Astrolabe → Used to make accurate charts of stars (Arabians)

Cross Staff → Used to measure the angle between the moon and any star. (14th Century)

Telescope → Used to clearly see stars & planets in the sky

Astronomical Units (AU) → Describe planets in relation to the sun (Equal to the average distance between the centre of the earth to the centre of the sun)

Light Years → Distance that light travels in one year (Distances outside of solar system)

When looking into the night sky, you are → Looking into the past

Section 1.3:

Star → Hot, glowing ball of gas (Mostly made of hydrogen)

Hertzsprung and Russell → compared surface temperature of stars to how bright they are (luminosity)

Star Temperatures → Blue color is hottest, red coolest

Sun → Biggest star in the galaxy which gives us heat and energy on Earth

Life Cycle Of A Star:

Interstellar matter → dust and gas between stars (can make nebulae)

Nebulae → Area of space with huge amounts of gas and dust, where stars form (5% hydrogen and 23% helium)

Protostar → Gravity between gas and dust cause small areas of the nebulae to start collapsing, collapse causes a rotating cloud of gas and dust. Hydrogen changes to helium, called fusion (Releases a lot of energy and radiation)

Red giants & Red supergiants → Hydrogen is eventually used up, Gravity causes contraction, Fusion reactions occur, Reactions lead to the star expanding (Causes sun like stars become red giants and Massive stars become red supergiants)

Sunlike Star Death → Fusion reactions stop, Core temp. no longer hot enough to keep reactions going, Gravity causes the star to collapse on its self (Continues to shrink and becomes a white dwarf, Eventually it will fade completely becoming a cold dark black dwarf)

Massive Star Death → Fusion stops when the star runs out of fuel, Star rapidly collapses on it’s self due to gravity, Collapse ends with an outgoing shock wave (Outer part of the star explodes, a supernova, Core is left as either a neutron star or black hole)

Neutron Star → The collapsed core of a massive supergiant star

Black hole → Highly dense remnant of a star with super strong gravity (No light can escape)

Constellations → Groupings of stars, patterns in the night sky

Asterisms → Unofficial groupings of stars (Big Dipper)

Galaxies → Grouping of millions or billions of stars, gas, and dust

Types of Galaxies → Spiral, Elliptical & Irregular

Section 1.4:

Inner Planets → The terrestrial planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (Earth like, Smaller, Rocky, No rings)

Outer Planets → The Jovian planets, Jupiter, Saturn Uranus, Neptune (Jupiter-like, Gas giants, Have rings)

Red planet → A planet is given a red appearance due to iron oxide in the surface

Asteroids → Small metallic or rocky bodies travelling in space

Comets → “dirty snowballs” Made of dust and ice, travel through space (Long tails and bright glow only appear when they are close to the sun

Meteoroids → Small pieces of rock flying through space with no particular path
Meteor → Pulled into Earth’s gravity, heat of the atmosphere causes it to give off light
Meteorite → What’s left once it hits earth’s surface

Eclipses:

Section 1.5:

To Find a Star in the Sky → Must answer two questions, How high is it in the sky? and In which direction?

Azimuth → compass direction (Due north is 0o you measure degrees going clockwise)
Altitude → Degree the object is above the horizon
Zenith → Highest Point Directly Overhead

Section 2.0

Section 2.1:

Space → Anything outside Earth’s Atmosphere

Origin of rockets → comes from an Ancient Greek named Archytas

Rocket propelled arrows → Chinese used gunpowder to make them

First to launch a satellite into Earth’s orbit → Russians (1957) Called Sputnik

Another capsule → A month later they launched a dog named Laika (First time any living creature orbited the Earth, Started the path for human space travel)

Newtons 3rd Law → For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Basic Parts of a Rocket → Structural and Mechanical Elements, Fuel, Payload

What Does Each Part Mean? → (rocket, engines, storage), (Lit in exhaust chamber to cause propulsion), (materials needed for flight)

Thrust → (Push) causes the rocket to be pushed in the
opposite direction

Ion Drives → Engines that use xenon gas

Solar Sail → Similar idea to sails on a boat, Harness the sun’s light, Uses electromagnetic energy of photons to move

Types of Space Craft → Shuttles, Probes, Space station

Section 2.2:

Atmosphere → Thin atmosphere around earth holds all we need to live

Environmental Hazards → Space is a vacuum = no air, no water, Cosmic rays and solar radiation, Possibility of being hit by meteoroids, Temperatures can range from really hot to
really cold, No pressure to help regulate heartbeat

Psychological Hazards → Cramped quarters, Stuck with the same people for months at a time, You can’t just go take a walk...

Microgravity → When little or no gravity is acting on a body.

Effect on Bones → Have less pressure so they expand, Begin to deteriorate and release minerals (calcium) into the blood stream

Effect on Heart → Doesn’t have to pump as hard to circulate blood

Effect on Muscles → Lifting and walking muscles aren’t used much, they weaken and shrink

Effect on Kidneys → Form stones from increased calcium

Effect on Eyes → Depth perception is affected

Home in Space → Clean water, Breathable air, Comfortable air pressure and
temperature, Power source to keep life support systems and instruments going

Recycling Water → International Space Station recycles most of their water, Urine is filtered, Moisture is captured from the air, Leads to longer missions

Electrolysis → Splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity

Environmental Control and Life Support Systems → Recycle wastewater, Produce oxygen through electrolysis, Remove carbon dioxide from the air, Filter micro organisms from the air, Keep air pressure, temperature and humidity stable

Section 2.3:

Satellites → Small body that orbits a larger body
Natural Satellites → Objects that orbit planets

Artificial Satellites → Built and sent into orbit by humans

Rotation → an object spinning on it’s own axis
Revolution → An object travelling around another object

Satellites in Our Lives → GPS navigation, Communication, Forecast weather, Make long distance phone calls

Communication Satellites → Telegraph and telephone relied on wires at one point in time, This was expensive and couldn’t service a lot of people, Today satellites and digital systems allow for more users and better transmission

Geosynchronous orbit → Satellite moves at the same rate as the earth spins

Global Positioning System (GPS) → let’s you know exactly where you are (74 satellites have been launched, only need 24 for GPS to work correctly, Must have sightlines to 4 satellites to find your position)