Untitled Flashcards Set

History of Violence Against Indigenous
Populations
• Religious assimilation using murderous methods in colonization
• Disease from colonizers
• Separation of colonist and indigenous land
• “Post-colonization” discrimination against Two Spirit communities

Violence Against
Indigenous
Communities
• Murder
• Rates among Indigenous women and girls
• The 6th leading cause among women and girls
ages 1-44
• The 3rd leading cause of death among
Indigenous/Alaska Native women
• Crime precipitated nearly ¼ of indigenous
homicides
• Argument/conflict among men
• IPV among women
• IPV-related homicides: 87.2% of
Indigenous women were killed by a
current or former partner

MMIWG
Cases by
City & State

MMIWG Cases Not in Law Enforcement
Records

Violent Language Used in Covering Stories
References to drugs or alcohol 38%
Coverage of trans-women victims that misgendered the victim 33%
References to victim’s criminal history 31%
References to sex work 11%
Gave false information on the case or did not name the victim 8%
Made excuses for the perpetrator/victim blaming language 4%
Showed images or video of victim death 3%

Two Spirit (2S)
• Represent a third and fourth
gender
• Considered doubly gifted
• Found represented in >130 tribes
in North America
• Historically seen as:
• Healers
• Religious teachers
• Name givers
• Conveyors of oral traditions and
songs/rituals
• Caregivers

Oppression & Crime Faced
by 2S Folx
• Layers of oppression
• Stigma & homophobia (sexual orientation)
• Racism from society & non-native LGBTQ+ folx
• Sexism from Native and LGBTQ+ people
• 78% 2S women experienced physical
assault
• 85% experienced sexual assault
• 2011 National Gay & Lesbian Task Force
• 2S transgender participant reports:
• 45% family violence
• 11% eviction based on gender identity/expression
• 55% harassment by shelter staff
• 22% sexual assaulted by shelter residents/staff

Emily Pike
• 14 years old
• San Carlos Apache Tribe
• Reported missing 1/27/2025
• Group home
• Found brutalized ~3 weeks later
• Internal memo leaked from the
Sheriff’s office

Two Countries in
Crisis: Man Camps
and the Nightmare of
Non-Indigenous
Criminal Jurisdiction
• Canada & the United States
• Research focus: extraction industries, Indigenous communities, and
crime

Two Countries in
Crisis: Man Camps
and the Nightmare of
Non-Indigenous
Criminal Jurisdiction
• Extractive industries = businesses that extract natural resources
• Man camps
• Temporary housing for predominantly non-Indigenous male workers

Two Countries in
Crisis: Man Camps
and the Nightmare of
Non-Indigenous
Criminal Jurisdiction
• Non-Indigenous offenders on Indigenous land are not punished by
Indigenous communities
• Non-Indigenous communities with jurisdiction are responsible instead
• Evidence suggesting targeting of Indigenous people by non-Indigenous
people

Two Countries in Crisis:
Man Camps and the
Nightmare of Non-
Indigenous Criminal
Jurisdiction
Man camps
• Can exist near Indigenous land to
extract resources on/near Indigenous
lands
• Violent crimes against Indigenous
communities increase with existence of
man camps
• Especially sexual crimes

Two Countries in Crisis:
Man Camps and the
Nightmare of Non-
Indigenous Criminal
Jurisdiction
Man camp example:
• Bakken oil fields, ND
• An overall increase in violent
victimization
• Homicide
• Non-negligent manslaughter
• Rape/SA
• Robbery
• Aggravated assault

Two Countries in Crisis:
Man Camps and the
Nightmare of Non-
Indigenous Criminal
Jurisdiction
Man camp example:
• Bakken oil fields, ND
• Violent victimization by
strangers increased by 53%
• Violent victimization for Black
and Indigenous people 2.5x
that of whites
• 54% increase n unlawful
sexual contact
• Statutory rape

Two Countries in Crisis: Man
Camps and the Nightmare
of Non-Indigenous Criminal
Jurisdiction
Man camp example:
Bakken
• 2006-2012: violent
victimization increases:
• 44.8% unlawful sexual
contact
• 70.1% aggravated assault
• 47.1% serious domestic
violence
• 47.4% serious stranger
violence

Two Countries in Crisis: Man
Camps and the Nightmare
of Non-Indigenous Criminal
Jurisdiction
Man camp example:
Bakken
• Non-Bakken region percent
change:
• -6.7% unlawful sexual
contact
• -4.4 aggravated assault
• 11.1% serious domestic
violence
• -6.3% serious stranger
violence