Study Guide Exam 2

Accommodation: dominant; focus on internal improvement of Black communities economically, educationally, and morally

• Booker T. Washington: Primary Advocate 

• Equality via self-help: established by Booker T. Washington to promote

  • Tuskegee Insitute: focused on industrial education, training people to be workers: manual labors, independent farmers, domestic servants

  • National Negro Business League: provided opportunties for potential and actual entrepreneurs to network and develop strategies for successful businesses

Confrontation/protest: demanding rights now

• Equality via agitation: rejected Washington’s approach, arguing rights must be guaranteed before improvement can occur

• William (W.E.B.) Du Bois

• Ida Wells-Barnett

Nationalism: permanent resettlement 

• Bishop Henry Turner: key advocate for black people leaving and resettling in Africa; Liberia as a main focus; denounced Jim Crow and black people’s tolerance for it 

• Pre-Civil War 

• Post-Civil War

• Westward Migration

African Americans began to establish their own national church associations due to discrimination

• National Baptist Convention: founded in 1895 as an independent association of black churches due to denial of leadership roles in Southern Baptist Conventions 

• African Methodist Episcopal Church: formed in 1861 because of conflicts within the Methodist church 

• Mary Church Terrell: involved with the National Association of Colored Women

  • Condemned black churches that emphasized emotionalism in their services

Push and Pull factors of migration: pushed from rural homes and pulled toward urban areas

• Push resulted from disasters in southern agriculture 

• Pull resuluted from labor shortages created by WWI in northern industry and manufacturing | war interrupted European migration to US, eliminating main source of cheap labor

The Great Migration played a key role in the shift away from accommodation toward confrontation and protest in Black political thought

• First Wave - 1910-1940 (coinciding with WWI) with a primary destination in the North (Cleveland, Detroit, New York, Chicago)

  • Approximately 1.6 million African Americans migrated out of the South

• Second Wave -  World War II and the decades after with a primary destination in the North but also West (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Portland)

  • Roughly 3.4 million migrated 

• More than 5 million people migrated out of the South during the Great Migration 

NAACP: change minds and laws via education, litigation, lobbying → impact on black communities and culture

• Key new group from shift of accommodation

UNIA: enabled black people to celebrate one another and their heritage and to anticipate a glorious future | largest mass movement of Black people in American history 

• Marcus Garvey:  leader who established and founded UNIA

  • Best remembered for his proposal to return Black people to Africa on the Black Star Line; a steamship company he founded in 1919 

• Weekly newspaper, Negro World promoted Garvey’s ideology

•  Negro Factories Corporation operated three grocery stores, two restaurants, a printing plant, a steam laundry, and a factory that turned out clothes for UNIA members 

Springfield IL Riot: white citizens attacked black residents in an episode that led to the creation of the NAACP

• George Richardson was falsey accused of raping a white woman; mob tore into Springfield’s small black population → six black people were shot and killed, two lynched, dozens injured | 2,000 black people were driven out of Springfield

New Negro: represents the hope and aspirations of newly arrived individuals from places like Chicago during WWI

Harlem emerged as “Captial of Negro America” marking a cultural and community transformation known as the Harlem Renaissance

• Largest black communities in the country; became the political and cultural center of Black America 

Slumming: the phenomenon of middle and upper class whites visiting working-class and poor communities, including Black communties to experience a version of primitivism 

• Offered an opportunity to engage in social taboos like drinking, gambling, prostitution, and sexually suggestive shows 

Carl Van Vechten: N** Heaven sparked controversey, highlighting the divide in the Black artisitic community 

Adam C. Powell Sr: prominent religious leader and head of Abyssian Baptist Church, launched the first major campaign concerning LGBT tolerance in black churches