Reproductive Class Notes

• primary sex organs : gonads

  gonads produce : gametes

  accessory structures : glands, ducts, external genitalia

  hormones : testosterone, progesterone, estrogens

  homologous structures : guys and girls have the same thing (except guys don’t have a uterus or vagina)

  cholesterol gets changed by enzymes → can change into different sex hormones

  guevedoces

  • mutation of 5 alpha reductase

  vinclozolin (fungicide)

  • binds to androgen receptors

    • feminizes the xy chromosome

    • comes from pesticides

  tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) / alchohol

  • dramatically increase aromatase

    • too much aromatase can give men more estrogen

  Male Reproductive

  • gonad

    • testes

  • gamete

    • sperm

  • accessory structures

    • glands

      • seminal vesicle

      • prostate

      • bulbourethral

    • ducts

      • epididymis

      • ductus deferens

      • ejaculatory duct

      • urethra

  • external genitalia

    • scrotum

    • penis

    • prepuce

  • hormones

    • testosterone

• 3rd cav ernosum keeps urethra open

• Scrotum: Sac of tissue outside the abdominopelvic cavity

  • Contans paired testicles

  • Separated by a midline septum

  • Keeps testes cool

• Testis: Male gonad

  • Contain seminiferous tubules (produce sperm)

  • Non-motile sperm cells enter epididymis

  • Interstitial cells produce testosterone

• Penis

  • Delivers sperm into female reproductive tract

  • Attached to the pubis and ischium by ligaments

  • Possesses 3 columns of erectile rissue

    • 2 corpus cavernosum and 1 spongiosum

      • CC keeps erect, CS keeps open

  • Terminates at the glans, which is covered by the prepuce

    • Glans - most nerve receptors

    • covered at birth by foreskin/prepuce

• Epydidymis

  • Epi = Atop, Dydim = Twins

  • ~ 6m (20ft) of coiled tube

  • Nonmotile sperm enter via peristalsus

  • ~ 20 days, sperm “swim”

• Ductus (Vas) Deferens

  • Conveys sperm via peristalsis back into the abdominopelvic canvity

  • Empties into the ejaculatory duct, through the prostate and finally the urethra

  • Are sluggish because of swimming in their own lactic acid

• Seminal vesicles

  • Join ductus deferens

  • Secrete alkaline fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandins

    • Fructose = Sugar = ATP

    • Prostaglandins = Helps reverse actions (reverse peristalsis) in reproductive system and sperm finds egg faster

  • ~60% of seminal fluid

• Prostate

  • Walnut sized, donught shaped structure encircling the urethra

  • Secrete chemicals to activate sperm

• Bulbourethral glandsn (cowpers gland)

  • First fluid released

  • produce thick, clear, alkaline mucus

  • Neutralizes traces of acidic urine and neutralize vaginal acidity

• Semen

  • Sperm + accessory fluids

  • Provides a transport + nutrients

  • pH - 7.2-7.6

  • Energize sperm (fructose)

  • Enhance motility (rekaxin)

  • Contains chemicals to facilitate sperm movement through the female reproductive tract (prostaglandins)

  • suppress the females immune response (seminoplasmin)

  • 2-5mL ejaculate with 10-150 mil sperm

• Erection

  • Parasympathetic response

  • Increase nitric oxide

  • Vasodialation of arterioles

  • Erectile tissue fill with blood

  • expansion compresses veins

  • corpora cavernosa maintain erection

  • Corpus spongiosum keeps urethra open

• Ejaculation

  • Sympathetic response

  • Reproductive glands contract

  • Internal urethral sphincter contracts (cannot pee or ejactulate at same time)

  • Bulbospongiosus rhythmiclaly contract tp eject semen

Female:

• Accessory organs:

  • Gonad

    • Ovary

  • Gamete

    • Egg (ovum)

  • Glands

    • Vestibular glands (skenes glands and bartholins galnds)

  • Ducts

    • Uterine tubes/fallopian tubes

    • Uterus

    • Vagina

  • External genitalia

    • Labia majora

    • Labia minora

    • Citoris

  • Hormones

    • Estrogens (3)

    • Progesterone

• egg makes chemical like lilly of the valley

  • maybe sperm have chemrecptrs

• fsh makes primordial follicle (squamous single) into many columnar (primary follicle → 1 egg released, surrounded by secondary follicle

  • 2ndary has antrium → fluid filled space surrounding egg

  • graafian follicle → vesiclular follicle (blister)

    • blister on ovary

• lh makes ovulatio noccur → blister will pop, releasing egg

  • rest of cells are called corpus leuteum

    • makes progesterone: maintains uterine lining

    • corpus albicans: after it breaks down ~ 10 days, bleeding begins

• Uterine tube:

  • Most common site of fertilization

• Uterus

  • Most common site of implantation

  • Ends at the muscular cervix

  • Composed of three layers

    • perimetrium

    • myometrium

    • endometrium

      • Stratum basalis

      • Stratum functionalis

• Vagina

  • Passageway for birh, menstrual flow and colulation

  • Comprised of stratified squamous epithelium, smooth muscle and lots of elastic fibers

• The perineum

  • Diamond shaped region from the pubic arch to the cocyx out to the ischial spines laterally

  • Encompasses the vestibule (structures within the labia minora - clitoris, urethral orifice, and vaginal orifice) labia majora and anus

• pudendal block

• appeaseotomy

The ovarian cycle

• 11-12 primordia =l follicles mature into primaryfollcle

• primary follicle - secondary'

• secondary - vesiculaar fraffian follicle

• ovulation - release of one ovum with the corona radiata

• remaining cells degenerat into the corpus luteum and secrete progesterone

• ~ 10 days, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans

the uterine cycle

• day 1-5 menstrual phase

  • shedding of endometrial layer

• days 6-14 proliferative phase

  • endometrium rebuilds itself

• day 14 - ovulation

• days 15-28 secretory phase

  • endometrium prepares for implantation

    • if no pregnancy, corpus luteum levels drop, progestorone no more, back to menstrual phase

• if estrogen progesterone are up, fsh/lh stay down

Embryology: