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• Microbial populations can become incredibly large in a very short time.

• Understanding the conditions necessary for microbial growth can help control the growth of disease-causing microbes and food spoilage.

• Effects of microorganisms can be controlled by limiting or inhibiting growth.

• Microorganisms are controlled by physical agents and chemical agents.

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• Sterilization is the removal or destruction of all living microorganisms.

• Heating is the most common method used for killing microbes.

• Liquids or gases can be sterilized by filtration.

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• Sterilization is the killing or removal of all microorganisms.

• Decontamination is the treatment of an object or surface to make it safe to handle.

• Disinfection is a process that directly targets pathogens.

• Disinfection requires agents called disinfectants that kill or inhibit microorganisms.

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• Physical methods and chemical methods are used to control microbial growth.

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• Physical control methods include heat, radiation, and filtration.

• Heat is the most widely used method for sterilization.

• Temperature and time are factors that determine the effectiveness of heat sterilization.

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• Heat sensitivity of organisms can be quantified and characterized.

• Decimal Reduction Time is the time required for a 10-fold reduction in the viability of a microbial population at a given temperature.

• Thermal Death Time is the time it takes to kill all cells at a given temperature.

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• Moist heat has more penetrating power and kills cells more quickly than dry heat.

• Autoclave and pasteurization are examples of moist heat methods.

• Dry heat is effective for sterilizing certain materials.

• Incineration and flaming are examples of dry heat methods.

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• Pasteurization uses heat to reduce microorganisms in liquids.

• Flash pasteurization and ultrahigh-temperature pasteurization are variations of pasteurization.

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• UV radiation is useful for disinfecting surfaces and air.

• Ionizing radiation produces ions and other reactive molecular species.

• Filtration is used to separate cells and certain microbes from liquids or gases.

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• Chemical methods use antimicrobial agents to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

• -cidal agents actually kill microbes, while -static agents only inhibit growth.

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• Chemical antimicrobial agents include sterilants, disinfectants, and antiseptics.

• Sanitizers reduce microbial numbers but do not sterilize.

• Antiseptics or germicides