AP Biology | Key Terms | 573 words
Unit 1 | Chemistry of Life | 84
elements:
oxygen:
carbon:
hydrogen:
nitrogen:
trace elements:
atom:
protons:
neutrons:
electrons:
nucleus:
isotopes:
radiometric dating:
compound:
chemical reaction:
chemical bond:
ionic bond:
covalent bond:
hydrogen bond:
ions:
nonpolar covalent:
polar covalent:
polar:
cohesion:
adhesion:
surface tension:
high heat capacity:
expansion on freezing:
adhesive:
capillary action:
glycerol:
acidic:
basic:
neutral:
alkaline:
pH scale:
organic compounds:
inorganic compounds:
polymer:
monomer:
dehydration synthesis:
condensation:
hydrolysis:
carbohydrates:
monosaccharides:
disaccharides:
polysaccharides:
glucose:
fructose:
glycosidic linkage:
starch:
cellulose:
glycogen:
amino acids:
amino group:
carboxyl group:
R-group:
side chain:
hydrophobic:
hydrophilic:
ionic:
dipeptide:
peptide bond:
polypeptide:
protein:
primary structure:
secondary structure:
tertiary structure:
quarternary structure:
chaperon proteins (chaperonins):
lipids:
triglycerides:
phospholipids:
steroids:
ester linkage:
saturated:
unsaturated:
polyunsaturated:
amphipathic molecule:
cholesterol:
nucleic acids:
nucleotides:
deozyribonucleic acid (DNA):
ribonucleic acid (RNA):
Unit 2 | Cell Structure and Function | 74
cells:
surface area-to-volume ratio:
light microscopes:
electron microscopes:
prokaryotic cells:
eukaryotic cells:
cytoplasm:
nucleoid:
cell wall:
plasma membrane:
flagella:
capsule:
organelles:
phospholipid bilayer:
peripheral proteins:
integral proteins:
transmembrane proteins:
fluid-mosaic model:
adhesion proteins:
receptor proteins:
transport proteins:
channel proteins:
cell surface markers:
carbohydrate side chains:
nucleus:
chromosomes:
nucleolus:
ribosomes:
endoplasmic reticulum (ER):
rough ER:
smoother ER:
Golgi bodies:
vesicles:
mitochondria:
adenosine triphosphate (ATP):
cristae:
lysosomes:
centrioles:
microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs):
vacuoles:
peroxisomes:
cytoskeleton:
microtubules:
microfilaments:
tubulin:
cilia:
Euglena:
Paramecium:
chitin:
chloroplasts:
central vacuole:
cell sap:
facilitated transport:
aquaporins:
simple diffusion:
facilitated diffusion:
passive transport:
osmosis:
tonicity:
isotonic:
hypertonic:
waterpotential:
solute (osmotic) potential:
solute:
active transport:
sodium-potassium pump:
endocytosis:
pinocytosis:
phagocytosis:
receptor-mediated endocytosis:
clathrin:
bulk flow:
dialysis:
exocytosis:
Unit 3 | Cellular Energetics | 70
bioenergetics:
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
entrophy:
exergonic reaction:
energy diagram:
endergonic reaction:
transition state:
activation energy:
enzymes:
enzyme specificity:
substrates:
active site:
enzyme-substrate complex:
induced-fit:
cofactors:
coenzymes:
denatured:
Q10:
allosteric sites:
competitive inhibition:
allosteric inhibitor:
noncompetitive inhibition:
cellular respiration:
photosynthesis:
light reactions:
dark reactions:
photons:
stroma:
grana:
thylakoids:
chlorophyll a and b:
carotenoids:
reaction center:
antenna pigments:
photosystem 1 (PS 1):
photosystem 2 (PS 2):
P680:
P700:
photophosphorylation:
absorption spectrum:
emission spectrum:
photolysis:
NADPH:
carbon fixation:
Calvin-Benson Cycle:
photorespiration:
CAM plants:
C4 plants:
aerobic respiration:
anaerobic respiration:
NADH:
FADH2:
glycolysis:
pyruvic acid:
acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA):
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC):
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle):
matrix:
oxaloacetate:
citric acid:
electron transport chain:
cytochrome C:
pH gradient (proton gradient):
chemiosmosis:
ATP synthase:
oxidative phosphorylation:
lactic acid:
ethanol (ethyl alcohol):
fermentation:
Unit 4 | Cell Communication and Cell Cycle | 41
quorum sensing:
taxis:
chemotaxis:
ligands:
receptors:
signal transduction:
ligand-gated ion channel:
catalytic (enzyme-linked) receptor:
G-protein-linked receptor:
secondary messengers:
homeostasis:
negative feedback pathway (feedback inhibition):
positive feedback pathway:
cell division:
G0 phase:
cell cycle:
interphase:
mitosis:
G1 phase:
S phase:
G2 phase:
sister chromatids:
centromere:
cyclins:
cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs):
cell cycle checkpoints:
apoptosis:
cancer:
oncogene:
tumor suppressor gene:
prophase:
metaphase:
anaphase:
telophase:
chromatin:
spindle fibers:
kinetochores:
metaphase plate:
cytokinesis:
cleavage furrow:
cell plate:
Unit 5 | Heredity | 63
diploid cell:
haploid cell:
homologous chromosomes:
sex cells (gametes):
Gregor Mendel:
trait:
genes:
locus:
alleles:
homozygous:
heterozygous:
phenotype:
genotype:
dominant:
recessive:
P generation (parent):
F1 generation (filial):
F2 generationg (filial 2):
Law of Dominance:
Law of Segregation:
Law of Independent Assortment:
monohydbrid cross:
Punnett square:
dihybrid cross:
Product Rule:
Sum Rule:
test cross:
linked genes:
recombinants:
percentage of recombination (recombination frequency):
map units (centimorgans):
autsomes:
sex chromosomes:
color blindness:
hemophilia:
sex-linked traits:
carrier:
Barr body:
incomplete dominance:
codominance:
polygenetic inheritance:
non-nuclear inheritance:
pedigree:
phenotypic plasticity:
meiosis:
gonads:
testes:
ovaries:
germ cells:
meiosis 1:
meiosis 2:
synapsis:
tetrad:
crossing over (recombination):
gametogenesis:
spermatogenesis:
oogenesis:
polar bodies:
ovum:
nondisjuction:
Down syndrome:
aneuploidy:
translocation:
Unit 6 | Gene Expression and Regulation | 119
nucleotide:
five-carbon sugar:
phosphate:
nitrogenous base:
deoxyribose:
adenine:
guanine:
cytosine:
thymine:
plasmids:
phosphodiester bonds:
double helix:
Watson, Crick, and Franklin:
base pairing:
complementary:
anitparallel:
hydrogen bonds:
gene:
genome:
chromosome:
histone:
nucleosome:
euchromatin:
heterochromatin:
DNA replication:
helicase:
replication fork:
orgins of replication:
topoisomerase:
DNA polymerase:
RNA primase:
RNA primer:
leading strand:
laggin strand:
Okazaki gragments:
DNA ligase:
semiconservative:
telomeres:
transcription:
translation:
Central Dogma of Biology:
ribose:
uracil:
mRNA:
rRNA:
tRNA:
siRNA (RNA interference):
polycistronic transcript:
monocistronic transcript:
promoter:
antisense/noncoding/minus/template strand:
sense/coding strand:
RNA polymerase:
start site:
exons:
introns:
splicing:
spiceosome:
poly A tail:
5’ GTP cap:
codon:
anticodon:
wobble pairing:
initiation:
elongation:
termination:
A site, P site, E site:
start codon:
stop codons:
pre-transcriptional regulation:
transcription factors:
epigenetic changes:
operon:
structural genes:
promoter genes:
operator:
regulatory gene:
inducer:
post-transcriptional regulation:
post-translational regulation:
morphogenesis:
zygote:
fertilization:
homeotic genes:
Hox genes:
mutation:
base substitution:
nonsense mutation:
missense mutation:
silent mutation:
gene rearrangements:
insertions:
deletions:
framshift mutation:
duplicaitons:
inversions:
translocations:
transposons:
bacteria:
conjugation:
viruses:
host: an organism that has a virus to inhabiting it
bacteriophage:
lytic cycle:
lysogenic cycle:
transduction:
enveloped virus:
retrovirus:
reverse transcriptase:
recombinant DNA:
genetic engineering:
polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
amplification:
transformation:
transfection:
gel electrophoresis:
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP):
DNA fingerprinting:
DNA sequencing:
Unit 7 | Natural Selection | 51
evolution:
natural selection:
Charles Darwin:
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck:
paleontology:
biogeography:
flora:
fauna:
embryology:
morphological homologies:
homologous structures:
analogous structures:
molecular biology:
continuing evolution:
common ancestor:
phylogenetic tree (cladogram):
out-group:
genetic variability:
peppered moths:
environmental pressure:
random mutation:
adaptation:
evolutionary fitness:
sexual selection:
genetic drift:
bottle neck effect:
founder effect:
gene flow:
directional selection:
stabilizing selection:
disruptive selection:
artificial selection:
species:
reproductively isolated:
divergent evolution:
punctuated equilibrium:
gradualism:
adaptive radiation:
pre-zygotic barriers:
post-sygotic barries:
convergent evolution:
speciation:
allopatrci speciation:
sympatric speciation:
polypoloidy:
Hardy-Weinberg law:
Alexander Oparin:
J. B. S. Haldane:
Stanley Miller:
Harold Urey:
RNA-world hypothesis:
Unit 8 | Ecology | 74
endotherms:
extotherms:
behavior:
instinct:
learning:
imprinting:
critical period:
habituation:
circadian rhythms:
pheromones:
agonistic behavior:
dominance hierarchy:
territoriality:
altruistic behavior:
symbiotic relationship:
mutualism:
commensalism:
parasitism:
photoperiodism:
gravitropism:
thigmotropism:
auxins:
gibberllins:
cytokinins:
ethylenes:
abscisic acid:
ecology:
biosphere:
ecosystem:
community:
population:
biomass:
biotic factors:
abiotic factors:
carbon cycle:
niche:
food chain:
producers (autotrophs):
primary productivity:
biomass:
consumers (heterotrophs):
primary consumers:
herbivores:
secondary comsumers:
tertiary consumers:
tertiary consumers:
decomposer:
keystone species:
10% rule:
exological pyramid:
bioaccumulation:
biomagnification:
Simpson’s Diversity Index:
population growth:
carrying capacity:
population density:
denstiy-independent factors:
density-dependent factors:
exponential growth:
logistic growth:
r-strategists:
k-strategists:
exological succession:
primary succession:
pioneer organisms:
sere:
climax community:
secondary sucession:
greenhouse effect:
ozone depletion:
acid rain:
desertification:
deforestation:
pollution: